| 1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
| 1.1. | Structure of this report |
| 1.2. | Types of haptics: features |
| 1.3. | Type of haptics: applications and examples |
| 1.4. | Technology readiness and adoption |
| 1.5. | Types of haptics: technology |
| 1.6. | The potential value-adds from haptic feedback |
| 1.7. | Haptic actuation technologies: key SWOT for major technologies |
| 1.8. | Haptic actuation technologies: key SWOT for other technologies |
| 1.9. | Value chain summary |
| 1.10. | The incumbent technologies: ERM and LRA |
| 1.11. | Displacing the incumbent technologies |
| 1.12. | Old markets are faced with challenges, but spend per device is growing |
| 1.13. | Haptics revenue over time (historic data & forecast) |
| 1.14. | New markets provide the greatest opportunities |
| 1.15. | Haptics revenue by device type, forecast (2024-2035) and historic data |
| 1.16. | Haptics in vehicle interiors: Examples |
| 1.17. | Haptics revenue by type of haptics, forecast (2024-2035) and historic data |
| 1.18. | Why is contactless haptics no longer included in forecasting? |
| 1.19. | Haptics revenue by device type, forecast (2024-2035) and historic data |
| 1.20. | Haptics revenue by actuator technology, forecast (2024-2035) and historic data |
| 1.21. | List of company profiles |
| 2. | INTRODUCTION TO HAPTICS TECHNOLOGIES |
| 2.1. | What are haptic technologies? |
| 2.2. | How the sense of touch works |
| 2.3. | Types of haptics (1) |
| 2.4. | Types of haptics (2) |
| 2.5. | Core vs peripheral haptics |
| 2.6. | Technology readiness and adoption |
| 3. | ELECTROMAGNETIC HAPTIC ACTUATORS: ERMS, LRAS, VCMS AND EMERGING OPTIONS |
| 3.1. | Introduction: electromagnetic actuators |
| 3.2. | Eccentric Rotating Mass Motors (ERM motors or ERMs) |
| 3.2.1. | Introduction: ERM motors |
| 3.2.2. | ERM Drivers |
| 3.2.3. | Varying response from an ERM motor |
| 3.2.4. | SWOT Analysis - ERM Motors |
| 3.3. | Linear resonant actuators (LRAs) |
| 3.3.1. | LRA Structure |
| 3.3.2. | LRA Structure |
| 3.3.3. | Apple's Taptic Engine |
| 3.3.4. | LRA properties and performance |
| 3.3.5. | LRA Drivers |
| 3.3.6. | Varying responses in an LRA |
| 3.3.7. | SWOT: Linear Resonant Actuators (LRAs) |
| 3.4. | Voice coil motors (VCMs) and other custom electromagnetic actuators |
| 3.4.1. | Voice coil motor structure |
| 3.4.2. | Specialized designs in VCM-type motors |
| 3.4.3. | SWOT: Voice coil motors (VCMs) |
| 3.5. | Performance enhancement with multiple actuators |
| 3.5.1. | Synchronizing actuators for faster response times |
| 3.5.2. | General Vibration - LRA synchronization in Sony gaming controllers |
| 3.6. | Electromagnetic haptics: Actuator and driver suppliers |
| 3.6.1. | Electromagnetic haptic actuator suppliers: Summary |
| 3.6.2. | Trends and themes in the actuator market |
| 3.6.3. | Differentiation between actuator suppliers |
| 3.6.4. | Five Forces (Porter) analysis for electromagnetic actuator suppliers |
| 3.6.5. | Electromagnetic haptic driver suppliers: Summary |
| 3.6.6. | Themes and trends in the haptics driver market |
| 4. | PIEZOELECTRIC ACTUATORS |
| 4.1. | Background and definitions |
| 4.2. | Piezoelectric haptic actuators |
| 4.3. | The piezoelectric effect |
| 4.4. | Piezoelectric actuator materials |
| 4.5. | Piezoelectric composites are also an option |
| 4.6. | Value chain for piezoelectric actuators |
| 4.7. | Device integration |
| 4.8. | Challenges with integration: Durability |
| 4.9. | Driver innovation |
| 4.10. | Use cases for piezoelectric haptics |
| 4.11. | Coupled sensor-actuator systems with piezoelectrics |
| 4.12. | SWOT: Piezoelectric Ceramics |
| 5. | ELECTROACTIVE POLYMERS (EAPS) |
| 5.1. | Introduction |
| 5.1.1. | Types of electroactive polymer (EAP) |
| 5.1.2. | Types of electroactive polymer (continued) |
| 5.1.3. | Comparing physical properties of EAPs |
| 5.2. | Piezoelectric Polymers |
| 5.2.1. | Background and Definitions: Piezoelectric constants |
| 5.2.2. | Why use a polymer? - Materials Choices |
| 5.2.3. | PVDF-based polymer options for haptic actuators |
| 5.2.4. | Novasentis / Kemet |
| 5.2.5. | Example demonstrator with polymeric haptics |
| 5.2.6. | SWOT: Piezoelectric polymers |
| 5.3. | Dielectric elastomers (DEAs) |
| 5.3.1. | Comparing DEAs with Ceramics and SMAs |
| 5.3.2. | Dielectric elastomers as haptic actuators |
| 5.3.3. | Artificial Muscle |
| 5.3.4. | Datwyler: commercializing dielectric elastomer actuators |
| 5.3.5. | CTSystems/Datwyler: manufacturing process and actuator structure |
| 5.3.6. | SWOT: Dielectric elastomers |
| 5.4. | Conclusions: Soft actuators |
| 5.4.1. | Technology benchmarking: Soft actuators |
| 6. | SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS (SMAS) |
| 6.1. | Introduction to shape memory alloys |
| 6.2. | Deploying SMA as conventional haptic actuators |
| 6.3. | SMA haptics: some metrics |
| 6.4. | SWOT: SMAs |
| 7. | SURFACE HAPTICS, DISPLAY HAPTICS & VARIABLE FRICTION |
| 7.1. | Surface haptics & display haptics: Introduction |
| 7.2. | Introduction: Surface haptics |
| 7.3. | Market forecast: surface haptics in displays |
| 7.4. | Bending wave haptic feedback |
| 7.5. | Redux ST acquired by Alphabet |
| 7.6. | Electrostatic Friction (ESF) |
| 7.7. | Tanvas - bankrupt as of 2022 |
| 7.8. | Ultrasonic Vibration (USV) |
| 7.9. | Tactile shear feedback |
| 7.10. | Tactical Haptics: custom VR controllers |
| 7.11. | Shear forces for variable friction displays |
| 7.12. | Technology benchmarking: Surface haptics |
| 7.13. | SWOT: Surface haptics |
| 7.14. | Conclusions: Surface haptics |
| 8. | BUTTON HAPTICS |
| 8.1. | Haptics for button replacement |
| 8.2. | Button haptics: Examples |
| 8.3. | Button haptics in smartphones? |
| 8.4. | Market forecast: Button haptics |
| 9. | CONTACTLESS/MID-AIR HAPTICS |
| 9.1. | Background: Contactless haptics |
| 9.2. | Ultrasonic contactless haptics |
| 9.3. | Ultraleap: haptics remain in dev kit stage? |
| 9.4. | Commercial uses of contactless haptics so far |
| 9.5. | Automotive HMIs: the "killer app" for contactless haptics? |
| 9.6. | Ultraleap's future is uncertain - and so is the future of contactless haptics |
| 9.7. | Metasonics/Metasonnix - no longer involved with haptic technologies? |
| 9.8. | Air Vortex |
| 9.9. | Technology comparison for contactless haptics |
| 9.10. | Sizing the market for contactless haptics |
| 9.11. | The future of contactless haptics |
| 10. | KINESTHETIC HAPTICS |
| 10.1. | Kinesthetic haptics |
| 10.2. | Gaming controllers |
| 10.3. | Medical |
| 10.4. | Example: Ekso Bionics |
| 10.5. | Samsung & SAIT |
| 10.6. | Data and forecast for kinesthetic haptics |
| 10.7. | Power assist exoskeletons |
| 10.8. | The relationship between assistive devices and kinesthetic haptics |
| 10.9. | Geographical and market trends |
| 11. | THERMAL HAPTICS |
| 11.1. | Thermal haptics and thermoreceptors |
| 11.2. | Thermoelectric cooler (Peltier devices) |
| 11.3. | Commercialisation of thermal haptics |
| 11.4. | SWOT: thermal haptics |
| 12. | TECHNOLOGY LICENSING IN HAPTICS |
| 12.1. | Introduction: Technology licensing in haptics |
| 12.2. | Introduction: Technology licensing |
| 12.3. | Immersion Corporation |
| 12.4. | Shrinking patent portfolio and R&D spending |
| 12.5. | Litigation underpins profitability |
| 12.6. | Major recent settlements |
| 12.7. | Revenue by industry sector over time |
| 12.8. | Immersion corporation: outlook |
| 12.9. | General conclusions and outlook: Haptics licensing |
| 12.10. | Value chain summary |
| 13. | MARKETS AND FORECASTS |
| 13.1. | Methodology and high-level forecasts |
| 13.2. | Forecast introduction |
| 13.2.1. | Forecast details and assumptions |
| 13.2.2. | Haptics revenue by type of haptics, forecast (2024-2035) and historic data |
| 13.2.3. | Haptics revenue by device type, forecast (2024-2035) and historic data |
| 13.2.4. | Why is contactless haptics no longer included in forecasting? |
| 13.2.5. | Haptics revenue by device type, forecast (2024-2035) and historic data |
| 13.2.6. | Haptics revenue by actuator technology, forecast (2024-2035) and historic data |
| 13.3. | Haptics in smartphones |
| 13.3.1. | Introduction: Haptics in smartphones |
| 13.3.2. | Smartphone haptics revenue, historic (2013-2023) |
| 13.3.3. | Smartphone haptics revenue, forecast (2024-2035) |
| 13.4. | Haptics in gaming |
| 13.4.1. | Introduction: Haptics in console gaming |
| 13.4.2. | Games controllers from the "big 3": actuator summary |
| 13.4.3. | True trigger kinesthetic haptics is almost unique to Sony |
| 13.4.4. | Trigger force feedback from other players |
| 13.4.5. | Haptics in handheld gaming |
| 13.4.6. | Valve Steam Deck - Summary |
| 13.4.7. | Other gaming devices: remote players, mobile gaming controllers and gaming mice |
| 13.4.8. | Razer's acquisition of Interhaptics |
| 13.4.9. | Gaming (controllers) haptics revenue, historic (2013-2023) |
| 13.4.10. | Gaming (controllers) haptics revenue, forecast (2024-2035) |
| 13.4.11. | Handheld gaming haptics revenue, historic (2013-2023) |
| 13.4.12. | Handheld gaming haptics revenue, forecast (2024-2035) |
| 13.5. | Haptics in VR (Virtual Reality) |
| 13.5.1. | VR, AR, MR and XR as experiences |
| 13.5.2. | IDTechEx's segmentation of XR devices |
| 13.5.3. | Opportunities for haptics in XR |
| 13.5.4. | Common forms for XR accessories |
| 13.5.5. | A single LRA is now the "default" solution for VR controller haptics |
| 13.5.6. | Haptics in controllers: inertial and surface actuation |
| 13.5.7. | PlayStation VR2 Sense controllers: trigger force feedback |
| 13.5.8. | Meta's TruTouch haptics: button and surface haptics in VR |
| 13.5.9. | Camera-based hand tracking has partially displaced VR game controllers |
| 13.5.10. | Haptics in headsets |
| 13.5.11. | Wearable haptic interfaces in VR |
| 13.5.12. | Where can haptic wearables add value to XR? |
| 13.5.13. | Haptic gloves for XR: the cutting edge for haptics |
| 13.5.14. | Comparing commercial haptic gloves |
| 13.5.15. | Haptic glove designs: sizing the gloves |
| 13.5.16. | Tracking motion |
| 13.5.17. | Meta microfluidic glove: an abandoned project? |
| 13.5.18. | Haptic vests are an established product category in 2024 |
| 13.5.19. | VR haptic wearables as pain delivery devices |
| 13.5.20. | bHaptics' haptic wearable ecosystem |
| 13.5.21. | Haptic vests and suits from other brands |
| 13.5.22. | Manipulandums in VR |
| 13.5.23. | FundamentalVR - haptics for training surgeons in VR |
| 13.5.24. | VR haptics revenue, historic (2013-2023) |
| 13.5.25. | VR haptics revenue, forecast (2024-2035) |
| 13.6. | Haptics in wearables |
| 13.6.1. | Consumer Electronics: Wearables |
| 13.6.2. | Introduction to wrist-worn wearables |
| 13.6.3. | Timeline and value evolution of wrist-worn wearables |
| 13.6.4. | What is the difference between smartwatches, activity trackers and sports-watches? |
| 13.6.5. | Haptics in smartwatches and activity trackers (I) - LRA use-cases |
| 13.6.6. | Haptics in smartwatches and activity trackers (II) - a partial transition to LRAs |
| 13.6.7. | Sports watches have an unclear transition from ERM motors to LRAs |
| 13.6.8. | Haptics in personal audio wearables |
| 13.6.9. | Razer and Lofelt: haptic audio technology and acquisition by Meta |
| 13.6.10. | Corsair and Taction - custom VCMs as a selling point |
| 13.6.11. | Skullcandy: targeting general personal audio |
| 13.6.12. | Haptic audio: seat cushions and vests/backpacks/straps |
| 13.6.13. | Wearables haptics revenue, historic (2013-2023) |
| 13.6.14. | Wearables haptics revenue, forecast (2024-2035) |
| 13.6.15. | Sizing the market for haptic personal audio wearables |
| 13.7. | Haptics in other consumer electronics |
| 13.7.1. | Consumer Electronics: Tablets |
| 13.7.2. | Consumer Electronics: Laptops |
| 13.7.3. | Home appliance, commercial and other uses |
| 13.8. | Haptics in automotive applications |
| 13.8.1. | Automotive |
| 13.8.2. | Haptics in vehicle interiors: Examples |
| 13.8.3. | Haptics in vehicle steering wheels |
| 13.8.4. | Example: Mercedes Benz |
| 13.8.5. | Example: multiple haptic features in the Telsa Model 3's steering wheel |
| 13.8.6. | Haptics in car seats |
| 13.8.7. | Example: GM Safety Alert Seat |
| 13.8.8. | Haptics in accelerator pedals |
| 13.8.9. | Example: Mercedes |
| 13.8.10. | Haptics in vehicle center consoles |
| 13.8.11. | Example: Audi MMI |
| 13.8.12. | Example: Nissan Ariya |
| 13.8.13. | VW: haptic buttons are frustrating for consumers, will be abandoned in newer models |
| 13.8.14. | Automotive haptics revenue, historic (2013-2023) |
| 13.8.15. | Automotive haptics revenue, forecast (2024-2035) |
| 13.9. | Forecast summary |
| 13.9.1. | Haptics market data by device types |
| 13.9.2. | Haptics revenue by device type Historic (2013-2023) & forecast (2024-2035) |
| 13.9.3. | Smartphone haptics revenue Historic (2013-2023) & forecast (2024-2035) |
| 13.9.4. | Gaming (controllers) haptics revenue Historic (2013-2023) & forecast (2024-2035) |
| 13.9.5. | VR haptics revenue Historic (2013-2023) & forecast (2024-2035) |
| 13.9.6. | Handheld gaming haptics revenue Historic (2013-2023) & forecast (2024-2035) |
| 13.9.7. | Wearables haptics revenue Historic (2013-2023) & forecast (2024-2035) |
| 13.9.8. | Automotive haptics revenue Historic (2013-2023) & forecast (2024-2035) |
| 13.9.9. | Haptics market data by technology |
| 13.9.10. | Haptics revenue by type of haptics Historic (2013-2023) & forecast (2024-2035) |
| 13.9.11. | Haptics revenue by actuator technology Historic (2013-2023) & forecast (2024-2035) |
| 13.9.12. | Display haptics revenue Historic (2013-2023) & forecast (2024-2035) |
| 13.9.13. | Button haptics revenue Historic (2013-2023) & forecast (2024-2035) |
| 13.9.14. | Kinesthetic haptics revenue Historic (2013-2023) & forecast (2024-2035) |
| 14. | COMPANY PROFILES |
| 14.1. | Actronika |
| 14.2. | AI Silk |
| 14.3. | bHaptics Inc. |
| 14.4. | Biospectal |
| 14.5. | Boréas Technologies |
| 14.6. | BrainCo — Brain EEG Headband and Robotic Prosthetic Hand |
| 14.7. | Cambridge Mechatronics |
| 14.8. | Continental AG |
| 14.9. | CuteCircuit |
| 14.10. | dotLumen |
| 14.11. | Dätwyler: Electroactive Polymers |
| 14.12. | F&P Personal Robotics |
| 14.13. | Franka Emika |
| 14.14. | General Vibration — Synchronising Multiple Haptic Motors |
| 14.15. | Holst Centre: Electroactive Polymers |
| 14.16. | Immersion Corporation |
| 14.17. | KEMET: Flexible Haptic Actuators |
| 14.18. | KEMET: Flexible Haptic Actuators |
| 14.19. | LEAP Technology |
| 14.20. | Lumineq |
| 14.21. | Mateligent GmbH |
| 14.22. | Peratech |
| 14.23. | Piezotech Arkema |
| 14.24. | SenseGlove |
| 14.25. | Sensel |
| 14.26. | Smart-Ship: Maritime Haptic Levers |
| 14.27. | StretchSense |
| 14.28. | Tanvas — Haptics to Simulate Surface Texture |
| 14.29. | Tanvas — Now Defunct |
| 14.30. | TITAN Haptics — Linear Magnetic Ram Haptic Motors |
| 14.31. | Ultraleap |
| 14.32. | UltraSense Systems: All-in-One AI Haptic Processor |
| 14.33. | WeART |