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| 1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS |
| 1.1. | Purpose of this report |
| 1.2. | Why make roads electrically smart? electricity generation is one reason |
| 1.2.1. | Where and why |
| 1.2.2. | De-icing and snow removal risks disappear with self-powered, automated road heating |
| 1.2.3. | Multi-mode roads and other structures |
| 1.2.4. | Multifunctional solar roadway by Solar Roadways USA |
| 1.2.5. | Gantry vs road surface |
| 1.3. | Electricity generating roads: technologies assessed |
| 1.3.1. | PV, TE, ED, PZ compared |
| 1.3.2. | Best Research-Cell Efficiencies |
| 1.3.3. | Projects of TNO SolaRoad |
| 1.4. | Integral monitoring, EV charging roads |
| 1.5. | Solar roads, parking, paths, barriers compared |
| 1.5.1. | Experimental solar barriers use light guiding |
| 1.6. | Market size |
| 1.6.1. | Forecast 2018-2028 |
| 1.6.2. | Roadmap of technology and adoption |
| 1.6.3. | Road and urban zero emission technology and adoption roadmap 2018-2028: harvesting, lighting |
| 1.6.4. | Road and urban zero emission technology and adoption roadmap 2038-2050: harvesting, dynamic charging |
| 1.6.5. | Road and urban zero emission technology and adoption roadmap 2018-2028: storage |
| 1.6.6. | Road and urban zero emission technology and adoption roadmap 2038-2050: storage |
| 2. | INTRODUCTION |
| 2.1. | Market drivers |
| 2.1.1. | Electrification alone will save 42% of world power demand |
| 2.1.2. | Electric vehicle EV trends |
| 2.1.3. | Peak in car sales k - goodbye to many things... |
| 2.1.4. | Solar resource and greenhouse gases |
| 2.2. | History |
| 2.3. | More zero emission electricity produced off grid than on grid by 2040 |
| 2.4. | Access to electricity by people in 2018: conflicting forces |
| 2.5. | Electricity supply trends 2018 and 2050 |
| 2.6. | More reasons to worry about national grids now |
| 2.7. | Smart sensors in smart roads |
| 3. | PHOTOVOLTAICS FOR ROADS AND ANCILLARIES |
| 3.1. | Overview |
| 3.2. | Benefits sought |
| 3.3. | Basic configurations |
| 3.4. | Latest technologies: production readiness |
| 3.5. | Conformability helps: SunMan |
| 3.6. | Inorganic PV: dominant now, promising future |
| 3.6.1. | Si, CdTe, perovskite, GaAs-Ge, in BIPV |
| 3.6.2. | Here comes GaAs thin film PV: Hanergy EIV cars have lessons for roads |
| 3.6.3. | Hanergy extending GaAs structural PV as demonstrated 2016 on working cars |
| 3.7. | Transparent and translucent PV |
| 3.7.1. | Highway barriers: Eindhoven University of Technology |
| 3.7.2. | Experimental quantum dot vs perovskite |
| 3.8. | Solar roads and paths |
| 3.8.1. | Pavenergy China |
| 3.8.2. | TNO SolaRoad |
| 3.8.3. | Bouygues Colas France |
| 3.8.4. | Solar Roadways US: paths then roads |
| 3.8.5. | Solar Roads Switzerland |
| 3.8.6. | Solar road with integral lit markers - Japanese concept |
| 3.9. | Roadside solar charging in action |
| 3.9.1. | ABB India solar electric charging stations |
| 3.9.2. | Envision Solar Malta portable solar chargers |
| 3.9.3. | Saudi Aramco solar car park |
| 3.9.4. | Solar bus shelters |
| 3.9.5. | The City of Prince George Canada |
| 4. | MULTIFUNCTIONALITY |
| 4.1. | Wind with solar |
| 4.2. | Dynamic charging of electric vehicles |
| 4.3. | Solar road with integral lit markers - concept |
| 4.4. | Dynamic EV charging |
| 4.4.1. | Overview |
| 4.4.2. | Qualcomm USA |
| 4.4.3. | ElectRoad Israel |
| 4.4.4. | University of Washington USA |
| 4.4.5. | Auckland University New Zealand |
| 4.4.6. | Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology |
| 4.4.7. | Politecnico di Torino |
| 4.4.8. | TDK Japan |
| 4.4.9. | University of Tokyo Japan |
| 4.4.10. | Utah State University USA |
| 5. | WIND TURBINES POWERING SMART ROADS |
| 5.1. | Wind power from passing traffic |
| 5.1.1. | Traffic powered turbines: examples |
| 5.1.2. | Turbine Light |
| 5.2. | Turbine choices |
| 5.3. | Options for tapping excellent 200+m wind: particularly strong at night when PV is off |
| 5.4. | Small wind turbines |
| 5.4.1. | Example of good practice |
| 5.4.2. | Vertical axis wind turbines have a place |
| 5.5. | Airborne Wind Energy options: trend cloth kite>fixed wing>drone |
| 6. | HARVESTING ROAD MOTION, HEAT |
| 6.1. | University of California, Merced USA: Piezo roads |
| 6.2. | Lancaster University UK piezo roads |
| 6.3. | GeorgiaTech piezo surfaces |
| 6.4. | Google and Pavegen: electrodynamic ED paths |
| 7. | SELF-POWERED, AUTOMATED ROAD DE-ICING AND SNOW CLEARANCE |
| 7.1. | Goodbye to death and poisoning from clearing road snow and ice |
| 8. | STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING OF ROADS |
| 9. | INTERACTIVE LIGHT |
| 9.1. | Actively controlled and interactive light |
| 9.2. | Interactive light |
| 9.3. | Road crossings illuminate when needed |
| 9.4. | Road crossings powered by road surface harvesting would illuminate when needed |
| 9.5. | Competitor for electrical road surface lighting |
| Slides | 138 |
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