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1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION |
1.1. | Definitions and background |
1.2. | Carbon dioxide emissions |
1.3. | Concrete benefits |
1.4. | High performance cement and concrete HPC |
1.5. | 3D printed concrete - faster, better |
1.6. | World's largest cement producers |
1.7. | Replacing concrete |
1.8. | Concrete and cement production site of the future |
1.8.1. | Zero-emission, integrated, unmanned, out of sight |
1.8.2. | Future cement and concrete feedstock and processing |
1.8.3. | Quarries and processing sites leverage assets to sell surplus power storage and electricity |
1.8.4. | Site issues and solutions |
1.9. | New concrete products creating new markets 2022-2042 |
1.10. | 25 primary conclusions |
1.10.1. | Conclusions on industry structure and overall demand 2022-2042 |
1.10.2. | Conclusions on emissions reduction 2022-2042 |
1.10.3. | Conclusions concerning Ultra High Performance Concrete 2022-2042 |
1.10.4. | Conclusions concerning radically new cement products and processes |
1.10.5. | Conclusions concerning process decarbonisation |
1.10.6. | Conclusions: new earning streams from water management |
1.11. | Cement and concrete industry roadmap 2022-2042 |
1.12. | Adoption timeline for mining electrification generally 2022-2042 |
1.13. | Cement and concrete market statistics |
1.14. | Strong market for Ultra High Performance Concrete |
1.15. | Polymer concrete market |
1.16. | Global cement market billion tons by five regions 2022-2042 |
2. | INTRODUCTION TO CEMENT, CONCRETE, EMISSIONS, ELECTRIFICATION AND GROWING THE MARKET |
2.1. | Cement and concrete value chain |
2.2. | How cement is typically made |
2.3. | How concrete is typically made |
2.4. | Limitations of concrete that will be overcome more often 2022-2024 |
2.5. | The problem and opportunity of sand |
2.6. | Martian concrete |
2.7. | Other future concrete |
2.8. | 3D printing of large concrete structures |
2.9. | Supplementary Cementitious Materials and geopolymer concrete |
2.10. | Impact of concrete manufacturing on global warming |
2.11. | Emission push for pure electric equipment |
2.12. | Seven levers to decarbonise the UK cement industry |
2.13. | Electrification issues, responses and predictions |
2.14. | Views of mining executives |
2.15. | Fuel cell or battery? |
3. | GREEN AND POLYMER CONCRETE: CARBON CAPTURE, ZERO CARBON, BIO-CEMENT, BIORECEPTIVE, GEOPOLYMER |
3.1. | Green concrete overview |
3.2. | A bigger picture |
3.3. | Carbon dioxide utilization in building materials |
3.3.1. | Market potential |
3.3.2. | The Basic Chemistry: CO2 Mineralization |
3.4. | CO2 utilization in concrete curing or mixing |
3.4.1. | CarbonCure Technologies |
3.4.2. | Solidia Technologies |
3.4.3. | CarbiCrete |
3.5. | CO2 Utilization in concrete aggregates and additives |
3.6. | CO2-derived building materials from natural minerals |
3.7. | CO2-derived building materials from waste |
3.7.1. | Overview |
3.7.2. | Carbon Upcycling Technologies |
3.7.3. | Blue Planet |
3.7.4. | Carbon8 |
3.7.5. | CarbonFree |
3.7.6. | UCLA CarbonBuilt |
3.7.7. | Concrete carbon footprint of key CO2U Players |
3.7.8. | Factors influencing CO2U adoption in construction |
3.7.9. | Key takeaways on carbon dioxide utilization in building materials |
3.8. | Allied activities |
3.8.1. | Carbon Corp., C2NT |
3.8.2. | Bio-Mason |
3.8.3. | Bouygues |
3.8.4. | CalPoly Breathebrick |
3.9. | Inorganic polymers: Geopolymers |
3.9.1. | Emerging polymers generally |
3.9.2. | Silicon polymers |
3.9.3. | Geopolymer cement and concrete chemistry |
3.9.4. | Industrial overview |
3.9.5. | Advantages and disadvantages of geopolymer concrete |
3.10. | Organic polymers in concrete |
3.10.1. | Overview - waste plastics or impregnation |
3.10.2. | Polymer impregnated concrete |
4. | 3D PRINTED CONCRETE BUILDINGS AND LARGE STRUCTURES BECOME A SUBSTANTIAL MARKET |
4.1. | A Brief History of Concrete 3D Printing |
4.2. | The Drivers behind 3D Printed Concrete |
4.3. | Main Categories of Concrete 3D Printing Technology |
4.4. | Cartesian ("Gantry") Extrusion |
4.5. | Robotic Extrusion |
4.6. | Binder Jetting |
4.7. | Materials for Concrete 3D Printing |
4.8. | Notable Concrete 3D Printing Projects |
4.9. | Barriers to Adoption of Concrete 3D Printing |
4.10. | Outlook for Concrete 3D Printing |
4.11. | Concrete 3D printing companies compared |
5. | SELF-HEALING, SELF-CLEANING, BENDABLE AND TEXTILE CONCRETE |
5.1. | The cracking problem |
5.2. | The dream of self-healing bacterial bio-concrete |
5.3. | The dream of fungi creating self-healing concrete |
5.4. | Self-cleaning concrete that captures air pollution |
5.4.1. | Overview |
5.4.2. | HeidelbergCement subsidiaries |
5.4.3. | Jubilee Church, Rome, Italy |
5.5. | Bendable concrete ECC crack-free, self-healing |
5.5.1. | Overview |
5.5.2. | University of Michigan |
5.5.3. | Reducing cost: Nanyang Technological University |
5.5.4. | Properties now achieved |
5.5.5. | Bendable sprayed-on concrete |
5.5.6. | Lafarge-Holkim leadership |
5.5.7. | Perez Art Museum, Miami, Florida |
5.6. | 3D knitted textile concrete vs Ancient Egypt |
6. | GRAPHENE AND OTHER ULTRA HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE |
6.1. | Ultra High Performance Concrete |
6.1.1. | Overview |
6.1.2. | Extending the definition |
6.2. | Graphene in concrete and asphalt |
6.2.1. | Overview and participants |
6.2.2. | Graphene concrete in action |
6.2.3. | Skanska Costain Strabag in HS2 train tunnels London |
6.2.4. | Concrene |
6.2.5. | Garmor |
6.2.6. | TALGA |
6.2.7. | Easily affordable |
6.3. | The big picture of graphene applications going commercial |
7. | SELF-MONITORING, ELECTRICITY-MAKING, ENERGY-STORING AND VEHICLE-CHARGING CONCRETE |
7.1. | Self-monitoring concrete |
7.1.1. | Optimising manufacture of major structures |
7.1.2. | Structural integrity during life |
7.2. | Energy storage for cement and concrete facilities leverages assets |
7.2.1. | Overview |
7.2.2. | Gravitational Energy Storage (GES) |
7.2.3. | ARES LLC Technology Overview |
7.2.4. | Piston Based Gravitational Energy Storage (PB-GES) |
7.2.5. | Underground - Pumped Hydro Energy Storage (U-PHES) |
7.2.6. | Under Water Energy Storage (UWES) |
7.3. | Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Technology Overview and Classification |
7.3.1. | Electric Thermal Energy Storage ETES Operating principle |
7.3.2. | Potential applications |
7.3.3. | NREL |
7.3.4. | Siemens Gamesa |
7.3.5. | Stiesdal Storage Technologies |
7.3.6. | IDTechEx appraisal |
7.3.7. | ETES in context in 2031 |
7.3.8. | ETES costing |
7.4. | Diurnal TES Systems - Solar Thermal Power Plants (CSP) |
7.5. | Electricity and heat-making concrete |
7.6. | Translucent, light-emitting concrete, smart roads |
7.6.1. | Potential multi-mode outdoor surfaces |
7.6.2. | Luminescent paths |
7.6.3. | Interactive light |
7.6.4. | Solar road crossings would illuminate when needed |
7.6.5. | De-icing and snow removal risks disappear with self-powered, automated road heating |
7.6.6. | Solar road with integral lit markers - Japanese concept |
7.6.7. | Multifunctional solar roadway by Solar Roadways USA |
7.6.8. | Platio success with solar ground surfaces |
7.6.9. | Electricity generating outdoor ground surfaces: technologies assessed |
7.7. | Electric charging roads - Magment and others |
8. | SITE AND PROCESS DECARBONISATION OF CEMENT INDUSTRY: BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES |
8.1. | Overview |
8.2. | Carbon capture at cement plants |
8.3. | Global Concrete and Cement Association roadmap |
8.4. | Digitalisation and holistic approaches |
8.5. | Sequence of future process and allied electrification |
8.5.1. | Quarry overview |
8.5.2. | Fully electric crushing arrives |
8.5.3. | Concentrated solar clinker |
8.5.4. | Solar stacker heralds self-powered, zero-emission processing |
8.5.5. | How emerging cement and concrete materials extraction fits into the mine of the future |
8.5.6. | Future open pit mining and process |
9. | ELECTRIC AND AUTONOMOUS DRILLING RIGS, EXCAVATORS, LOADERS, TRANSPORT, READYMIX TRUCKS |
9.1. | Overview of on- and off-road mining vehicles |
9.2. | Powertrain trends by type of mining vehicle |
9.3. | Electrics in mining vehicles |
9.4. | Hybrids as interim stage |
9.5. | Vehicle definitions: market player landscape and future synergies |
9.6. | Mining BEV companies compared |
9.7. | Mining vehicle market outlook |
9.8. | When mining BEVs have lower up-front price than diesel 2022-2042 |
9.9. | Patent analysis |
9.10. | Company activities and plans |
9.10.1. | Anglo American experimental mining truck now trialing |
9.10.2. | BYD |
9.10.3. | Caterpillar |
9.10.4. | ETF Mining |
9.10.5. | Hitachi |
9.10.6. | Kiruna |
9.10.7. | Kuhn and Komatsu |
9.10.8. | Liebherr Group |
9.10.9. | LuiGong |
9.10.10. | Normet |
9.10.11. | Sany |
9.10.12. | TerraEV MEDATech |
9.10.13. | Volvo Group |
9.11. | Autonomous and remotely-operated mining vehicles |
9.11.1. | Overview |
9.11.2. | Artisan Vehicle Systems (Sandvik) |
9.11.3. | Built Robotics |
9.11.4. | Epiroc |
9.11.5. | Komatsu |
9.11.6. | Volvo |
9.11.7. | GMG mining robot guidelines |
9.11.8. | Dalmia Bharat Cement launches India's first e-Trucks Initiative - December 2021 |
10. | SUITABLE ZERO-EMISSION ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION FOR COMPLETE ELECTRIFICATION AND NEW EARNING STREAMS |
10.1. | Progress to mining and processing electrics with off-grid zero-emission at site |
10.2. | Solar on gravel pit water |
10.3. | Solar with wind for multiple purposes |
10.4. | Zero emission microgrids: solar, water, wind reinvented |
10.5. | New zero-emission electricity: airborne wind energy, ocean wave, tidal stream |
10.5.1. | Airborne Wind Energy AWE |
10.5.2. | Wave power, open sea |
10.5.3. | Tidal stream power |
10.5.4. | New power generating technology kVA comparison |
10.5.5. | 61 Airborne Wind Energy developers |
10.5.6. | AWE compared to future conventional wind turbines |
10.5.7. | Open sea wave power technologies |
10.5.8. | Green hydrogen from renewables |
10.5.9. | Future photovoltaic power for cement and concrete industry |
10.5.10. | Solar usually wins and it is starting to appear on the vehicles |
10.5.11. | Mobile solar gensets for this industry |
10.6. | Appendix: Hydrogen Saves Oil Companies Not the Planet? |
Slides | 309 |
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Forecasts to | 2042 |
ISBN | 9781913899752 |