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| 1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION |
| 1.1. | Definitions and background |
| 1.2. | Carbon dioxide emissions |
| 1.3. | Concrete benefits |
| 1.4. | High performance cement and concrete HPC |
| 1.5. | 3D printed concrete - faster, better |
| 1.6. | World's largest cement producers |
| 1.7. | Replacing concrete |
| 1.8. | Concrete and cement production site of the future |
| 1.8.1. | Zero-emission, integrated, unmanned, out of sight |
| 1.8.2. | Future cement and concrete feedstock and processing |
| 1.8.3. | Quarries and processing sites leverage assets to sell surplus power storage and electricity |
| 1.8.4. | Site issues and solutions |
| 1.9. | New concrete products creating new markets 2022-2042 |
| 1.10. | 25 primary conclusions |
| 1.10.1. | Conclusions on industry structure and overall demand 2022-2042 |
| 1.10.2. | Conclusions on emissions reduction 2022-2042 |
| 1.10.3. | Conclusions concerning Ultra High Performance Concrete 2022-2042 |
| 1.10.4. | Conclusions concerning radically new cement products and processes |
| 1.10.5. | Conclusions concerning process decarbonisation |
| 1.10.6. | Conclusions: new earning streams from water management |
| 1.11. | Cement and concrete industry roadmap 2022-2042 |
| 1.12. | Adoption timeline for mining electrification generally 2022-2042 |
| 1.13. | Cement and concrete market statistics |
| 1.14. | Strong market for Ultra High Performance Concrete |
| 1.15. | Polymer concrete market |
| 1.16. | Global cement market billion tons by five regions 2022-2042 |
| 2. | INTRODUCTION TO CEMENT, CONCRETE, EMISSIONS, ELECTRIFICATION AND GROWING THE MARKET |
| 2.1. | Cement and concrete value chain |
| 2.2. | How cement is typically made |
| 2.3. | How concrete is typically made |
| 2.4. | Limitations of concrete that will be overcome more often 2022-2024 |
| 2.5. | The problem and opportunity of sand |
| 2.6. | Martian concrete |
| 2.7. | Other future concrete |
| 2.8. | 3D printing of large concrete structures |
| 2.9. | Supplementary Cementitious Materials and geopolymer concrete |
| 2.10. | Impact of concrete manufacturing on global warming |
| 2.11. | Emission push for pure electric equipment |
| 2.12. | Seven levers to decarbonise the UK cement industry |
| 2.13. | Electrification issues, responses and predictions |
| 2.14. | Views of mining executives |
| 2.15. | Fuel cell or battery? |
| 3. | GREEN AND POLYMER CONCRETE: CARBON CAPTURE, ZERO CARBON, BIO-CEMENT, BIORECEPTIVE, GEOPOLYMER |
| 3.1. | Green concrete overview |
| 3.2. | A bigger picture |
| 3.3. | Carbon dioxide utilization in building materials |
| 3.3.1. | Market potential |
| 3.3.2. | The Basic Chemistry: CO2 Mineralization |
| 3.4. | CO2 utilization in concrete curing or mixing |
| 3.4.1. | CarbonCure Technologies |
| 3.4.2. | Solidia Technologies |
| 3.4.3. | CarbiCrete |
| 3.5. | CO2 Utilization in concrete aggregates and additives |
| 3.6. | CO2-derived building materials from natural minerals |
| 3.7. | CO2-derived building materials from waste |
| 3.7.1. | Overview |
| 3.7.2. | Carbon Upcycling Technologies |
| 3.7.3. | Blue Planet |
| 3.7.4. | Carbon8 |
| 3.7.5. | CarbonFree |
| 3.7.6. | UCLA CarbonBuilt |
| 3.7.7. | Concrete carbon footprint of key CO2U Players |
| 3.7.8. | Factors influencing CO2U adoption in construction |
| 3.7.9. | Key takeaways on carbon dioxide utilization in building materials |
| 3.8. | Allied activities |
| 3.8.1. | Carbon Corp., C2NT |
| 3.8.2. | Bio-Mason |
| 3.8.3. | Bouygues |
| 3.8.4. | CalPoly Breathebrick |
| 3.9. | Inorganic polymers: Geopolymers |
| 3.9.1. | Emerging polymers generally |
| 3.9.2. | Silicon polymers |
| 3.9.3. | Geopolymer cement and concrete chemistry |
| 3.9.4. | Industrial overview |
| 3.9.5. | Advantages and disadvantages of geopolymer concrete |
| 3.10. | Organic polymers in concrete |
| 3.10.1. | Overview - waste plastics or impregnation |
| 3.10.2. | Polymer impregnated concrete |
| 4. | 3D PRINTED CONCRETE BUILDINGS AND LARGE STRUCTURES BECOME A SUBSTANTIAL MARKET |
| 4.1. | A Brief History of Concrete 3D Printing |
| 4.2. | The Drivers behind 3D Printed Concrete |
| 4.3. | Main Categories of Concrete 3D Printing Technology |
| 4.4. | Cartesian ("Gantry") Extrusion |
| 4.5. | Robotic Extrusion |
| 4.6. | Binder Jetting |
| 4.7. | Materials for Concrete 3D Printing |
| 4.8. | Notable Concrete 3D Printing Projects |
| 4.9. | Barriers to Adoption of Concrete 3D Printing |
| 4.10. | Outlook for Concrete 3D Printing |
| 4.11. | Concrete 3D printing companies compared |
| 5. | SELF-HEALING, SELF-CLEANING, BENDABLE AND TEXTILE CONCRETE |
| 5.1. | The cracking problem |
| 5.2. | The dream of self-healing bacterial bio-concrete |
| 5.3. | The dream of fungi creating self-healing concrete |
| 5.4. | Self-cleaning concrete that captures air pollution |
| 5.4.1. | Overview |
| 5.4.2. | HeidelbergCement subsidiaries |
| 5.4.3. | Jubilee Church, Rome, Italy |
| 5.5. | Bendable concrete ECC crack-free, self-healing |
| 5.5.1. | Overview |
| 5.5.2. | University of Michigan |
| 5.5.3. | Reducing cost: Nanyang Technological University |
| 5.5.4. | Properties now achieved |
| 5.5.5. | Bendable sprayed-on concrete |
| 5.5.6. | Lafarge-Holkim leadership |
| 5.5.7. | Perez Art Museum, Miami, Florida |
| 5.6. | 3D knitted textile concrete vs Ancient Egypt |
| 6. | GRAPHENE AND OTHER ULTRA HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE |
| 6.1. | Ultra High Performance Concrete |
| 6.1.1. | Overview |
| 6.1.2. | Extending the definition |
| 6.2. | Graphene in concrete and asphalt |
| 6.2.1. | Overview and participants |
| 6.2.2. | Graphene concrete in action |
| 6.2.3. | Skanska Costain Strabag in HS2 train tunnels London |
| 6.2.4. | Concrene |
| 6.2.5. | Garmor |
| 6.2.6. | TALGA |
| 6.2.7. | Easily affordable |
| 6.3. | The big picture of graphene applications going commercial |
| 7. | SELF-MONITORING, ELECTRICITY-MAKING, ENERGY-STORING AND VEHICLE-CHARGING CONCRETE |
| 7.1. | Self-monitoring concrete |
| 7.1.1. | Optimising manufacture of major structures |
| 7.1.2. | Structural integrity during life |
| 7.2. | Energy storage for cement and concrete facilities leverages assets |
| 7.2.1. | Overview |
| 7.2.2. | Gravitational Energy Storage (GES) |
| 7.2.3. | ARES LLC Technology Overview |
| 7.2.4. | Piston Based Gravitational Energy Storage (PB-GES) |
| 7.2.5. | Underground - Pumped Hydro Energy Storage (U-PHES) |
| 7.2.6. | Under Water Energy Storage (UWES) |
| 7.3. | Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Technology Overview and Classification |
| 7.3.1. | Electric Thermal Energy Storage ETES Operating principle |
| 7.3.2. | Potential applications |
| 7.3.3. | NREL |
| 7.3.4. | Siemens Gamesa |
| 7.3.5. | Stiesdal Storage Technologies |
| 7.3.6. | IDTechEx appraisal |
| 7.3.7. | ETES in context in 2031 |
| 7.3.8. | ETES costing |
| 7.4. | Diurnal TES Systems - Solar Thermal Power Plants (CSP) |
| 7.5. | Electricity and heat-making concrete |
| 7.6. | Translucent, light-emitting concrete, smart roads |
| 7.6.1. | Potential multi-mode outdoor surfaces |
| 7.6.2. | Luminescent paths |
| 7.6.3. | Interactive light |
| 7.6.4. | Solar road crossings would illuminate when needed |
| 7.6.5. | De-icing and snow removal risks disappear with self-powered, automated road heating |
| 7.6.6. | Solar road with integral lit markers - Japanese concept |
| 7.6.7. | Multifunctional solar roadway by Solar Roadways USA |
| 7.6.8. | Platio success with solar ground surfaces |
| 7.6.9. | Electricity generating outdoor ground surfaces: technologies assessed |
| 7.7. | Electric charging roads - Magment and others |
| 8. | SITE AND PROCESS DECARBONISATION OF CEMENT INDUSTRY: BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES |
| 8.1. | Overview |
| 8.2. | Carbon capture at cement plants |
| 8.3. | Global Concrete and Cement Association roadmap |
| 8.4. | Digitalisation and holistic approaches |
| 8.5. | Sequence of future process and allied electrification |
| 8.5.1. | Quarry overview |
| 8.5.2. | Fully electric crushing arrives |
| 8.5.3. | Concentrated solar clinker |
| 8.5.4. | Solar stacker heralds self-powered, zero-emission processing |
| 8.5.5. | How emerging cement and concrete materials extraction fits into the mine of the future |
| 8.5.6. | Future open pit mining and process |
| 9. | ELECTRIC AND AUTONOMOUS DRILLING RIGS, EXCAVATORS, LOADERS, TRANSPORT, READYMIX TRUCKS |
| 9.1. | Overview of on- and off-road mining vehicles |
| 9.2. | Powertrain trends by type of mining vehicle |
| 9.3. | Electrics in mining vehicles |
| 9.4. | Hybrids as interim stage |
| 9.5. | Vehicle definitions: market player landscape and future synergies |
| 9.6. | Mining BEV companies compared |
| 9.7. | Mining vehicle market outlook |
| 9.8. | When mining BEVs have lower up-front price than diesel 2022-2042 |
| 9.9. | Patent analysis |
| 9.10. | Company activities and plans |
| 9.10.1. | Anglo American experimental mining truck now trialing |
| 9.10.2. | BYD |
| 9.10.3. | Caterpillar |
| 9.10.4. | ETF Mining |
| 9.10.5. | Hitachi |
| 9.10.6. | Kiruna |
| 9.10.7. | Kuhn and Komatsu |
| 9.10.8. | Liebherr Group |
| 9.10.9. | LuiGong |
| 9.10.10. | Normet |
| 9.10.11. | Sany |
| 9.10.12. | TerraEV MEDATech |
| 9.10.13. | Volvo Group |
| 9.11. | Autonomous and remotely-operated mining vehicles |
| 9.11.1. | Overview |
| 9.11.2. | Artisan Vehicle Systems (Sandvik) |
| 9.11.3. | Built Robotics |
| 9.11.4. | Epiroc |
| 9.11.5. | Komatsu |
| 9.11.6. | Volvo |
| 9.11.7. | GMG mining robot guidelines |
| 9.11.8. | Dalmia Bharat Cement launches India's first e-Trucks Initiative - December 2021 |
| 10. | SUITABLE ZERO-EMISSION ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION FOR COMPLETE ELECTRIFICATION AND NEW EARNING STREAMS |
| 10.1. | Progress to mining and processing electrics with off-grid zero-emission at site |
| 10.2. | Solar on gravel pit water |
| 10.3. | Solar with wind for multiple purposes |
| 10.4. | Zero emission microgrids: solar, water, wind reinvented |
| 10.5. | New zero-emission electricity: airborne wind energy, ocean wave, tidal stream |
| 10.5.1. | Airborne Wind Energy AWE |
| 10.5.2. | Wave power, open sea |
| 10.5.3. | Tidal stream power |
| 10.5.4. | New power generating technology kVA comparison |
| 10.5.5. | 61 Airborne Wind Energy developers |
| 10.5.6. | AWE compared to future conventional wind turbines |
| 10.5.7. | Open sea wave power technologies |
| 10.5.8. | Green hydrogen from renewables |
| 10.5.9. | Future photovoltaic power for cement and concrete industry |
| 10.5.10. | Solar usually wins and it is starting to appear on the vehicles |
| 10.5.11. | Mobile solar gensets for this industry |
| 10.6. | Appendix: Hydrogen Saves Oil Companies Not the Planet? |
| スライド | 309 |
|---|---|
| フォーキャスト | 2042 |