1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
1.1. | IDTechEx Electric Vehicle Master Report |
1.2. | Electric Vehicle Terms |
1.3. | Electric Vehicles Land, Sea & Air Unit Sales 2015-2041 |
1.4. | Electric Vehicles Land, Sea & Air Battery Demand 2015-2041 (TWh) |
1.5. | Electric Vehicles Land, Sea & Air Market Value 2015-2041 ($ trillion) |
1.6. | Global Car Sales by Powertrain: BEV, PHEV, FCEV, HEV, 48V MH, 48V FH 2015-2041 (cars, millions) |
1.7. | Li-ion Technology Outlook Commentary |
1.8. | Individual Reports |
2. | INTRODUCTION |
2.1. | Electric Vehicles: Basic Principle |
2.2. | Parallel and Series Hybrids: Explained |
2.3. | Electric Vehicles: Typical Specs |
2.4. | What is a Li-ion battery? |
2.5. | The Battery Trilemma |
2.6. | Lithium-based Battery Family Tree |
2.7. | What's Driving the Transition to Electric Vehicles? |
2.8. | What's Driving the Transition to Electric Vehicles? |
2.9. | What are the Barriers for Electric Vehicles? |
2.10. | What are the Barriers for Electric Vehicles? |
2.11. | Fossil Fuel Bans: Explained |
2.12. | Official or Legislated Fossil Fuel Bans |
2.13. | Unofficial, Drafted or Proposed Fossil Fuel Bans |
2.14. | Debunking EV Myths: Emissions Just Shift to Electricity Generation? |
2.15. | Debunking EV Myths: Emissions Just Shift to Electricity Generation? |
2.16. | Summary and Outlook of PHEVs |
2.17. | Battery Wish List |
2.18. | Lithium-based Batteries Beyond Li-ion |
3. | ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELERS (E2W) |
3.1. | The Importance of Electric Two-wheelers |
3.2. | Electric Two-wheelers: Drivers |
3.3. | Electric Two-wheelers: Power Classes |
3.4. | Electric Two-wheelers: Power Classes |
3.5. | Electric Two-wheeler Voltage Characteristics |
3.6. | Car Sales and Two-wheeler Sales in China |
3.7. | China: The Party's Over |
3.8. | E2W Bans in China |
3.9. | India: High Pollution and Oil Dependence |
3.10. | India: Transportation Diversity |
3.11. | Mobility Trends in India |
3.12. | India: Historic E2W Market Growth |
3.13. | India: Flawed Electric Vehicle Policy |
3.14. | FAME in FY19: Low-speed Impact |
3.15. | Electric Two-wheelers Over 4kW |
3.16. | Electric Motorcycle Survey |
3.17. | Electric Motorcycle Performance |
3.18. | Motorcycles Have Unique Requirements |
3.19. | Custom Components |
3.20. | Where the Value is in 2020, Where it Will be in 2041 |
3.21. | Electric Two-wheelers by Power Class 2015-2041 (two-wheelers, millions) |
3.22. | Electric Two-wheelers by Power Class 2015-2041 (GWh) |
3.23. | Electric Two-wheelers by Power Class 2015-2041 ($ billion) |
4. | ELECTRIC CARS |
4.1. | Global Car Sales: the Addressable Market |
4.2. | Differences in Short-term and Long-term 'Peak Car' |
4.3. | BEV + PHEV Cars 2016-2041: % of Global Car Market |
4.4. | BEV + PHEV Cars 2020-2041: Market Size ($ trillion) |
4.5. | BEV + PHEV Cars 2016-2041: Battery Demand (GWh) |
4.6. | Cathode Chemistry Changes: Nickel up Cobalt down |
4.7. | Passenger Cars: Pack Energy Density Trends |
4.8. | China, Europe, US, RoW Commentary |
4.9. | Electric Cars Resilient in 2020 |
4.10. | Tesla's Crazy Valuation |
4.11. | Li-ion Technology Outlook Discussion |
4.12. | Electric Car Forecast: Covid-19 Impact |
4.13. | Global Car Sales by Powertrain: BEV, PHEV, FCEV, HEV, 48V MH, 48V FH 2015-2041 (cars, millions) |
4.14. | China EV policy: 2019-2022 |
4.15. | Europe: Best Selling Plug-in Car Models |
4.16. | Europe Emissions Standards |
4.17. | US : Best Selling Plug-in Car Models |
4.18. | Automaker Progress Towards Tax Credits |
4.19. | Comparison of Popular BEV Models |
4.20. | FCEV Car: Models Overview |
4.21. | Challenges for Fuel Cells |
4.22. | Public Charging |
4.23. | Infrastructure Costs |
4.24. | Fuel Cell Charging Infrastructure in the US |
4.25. | Fuel Cost per Mile: FCEV, BEV, internal-combustion |
5. | ELECTRIC LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLES (ELCV) |
5.1. | Introduction |
5.2. | LCV Definition |
5.3. | TCO Advantage |
5.4. | Electric and Diesel LCV Cost Parity |
5.5. | Small eVan Break-Even: Purchase Grant |
5.6. | eLCV Market Drivers |
5.7. | Regional Summary |
5.8. | Electric LCV Market Penetration 2017-2041 |
5.9. | Electric LCV Sales 2017-2041 (BEV, PHEV and FCEV) |
5.10. | Electric LCV Battery Demand 2017-2041 (GWh) |
5.11. | Electric LCV Market Value 2017-2041 ($ Billion) |
6. | ELECTRIC TRUCKS |
6.1. | Electric Trucks: Drivers and Barriers |
6.2. | Truck classifications |
6.3. | Road Freight Market |
6.4. | Global CO2 Road Freight Emissions |
6.5. | Truck Makers in Europe |
6.6. | Truck Makers in the US |
6.7. | Truck Makers in China |
6.8. | Range of zero emission medium and heavy trucks |
6.9. | Heavy-duty: BEV or Fuel Cell? |
6.10. | MW Charging Difficulty for BEVs |
6.11. | Timeline for Nikola |
6.12. | IDTechEx Take: The Future for Nikola |
6.13. | MD & HD Truck Market Penetration 2017-2041 |
6.14. | MD & HD Truck Sales 2017-2041 (BEV, PHEV, FCEV) |
6.15. | Electric MD & HD Truck Battery Demand 2017-2041 (GWh) |
6.16. | Electric MD & HD Truck Market Value 2017-2041 ($ Billion) |
7. | ELECTRIC BUSES |
7.1. | Bus Types |
7.2. | Why Adopt Buses? |
7.3. | Why Adopt Electric Buses? |
7.4. | Why Adopt Electric Buses? |
7.5. | Challenges for Electric Bus Adoption |
7.6. | Autonomous Buses: Robot Shuttles |
7.7. | Autonomous Buses: "Autonomous Rail Transit" (ART) |
7.8. | Electric Buses: Market History |
7.9. | Plug-in Hybrids in China and Europe |
7.10. | Drivers and timing of bus electrification |
7.11. | Snapshot of Global and Regional Sales Trends |
7.12. | Bus technology timeline 2020-2040 |
7.13. | Overview of 21 Country Targets |
7.14. | Overview of 21 Country Targets |
7.15. | Expectation of Lower Up-front Price to 2030 |
7.16. | Electric Bus Sales 2015-2041 (Thousands) |
7.17. | Electric Bus Battery Demand 2015-2041 (GWh) |
7.18. | Electric Bus Market Value 2015-2041 ($ billion) |
8. | ELECTRIC BOATS & SHIPS |
8.1. | Electric Boats and Ships: A Long History? |
8.2. | Shipping Emissions |
8.3. | Emissions Control World: Sulphur |
8.4. | Emission Control Areas in 2020 |
8.5. | CO2 Emissions |
8.6. | Regulatory Developments Timeline |
8.7. | Solutions to Emissions Regulation |
8.8. | Why Electrification? |
8.9. | Summary of Maritime Sectors |
8.10. | Historic Market Growth and 2020-21 Pipeline |
8.11. | Leading Maritime Battery Vendor |
8.12. | Product Line-up |
8.13. | Covid-19: Delays, not Cancellations |
8.14. | Covid-19: OSVs |
8.15. | OSV Return on Investment |
8.16. | Covid-19: Cruise Ships |
8.17. | Fuel Prices |
8.18. | Competing Solutions |
8.19. | Leisure Boating: Inboards & Outboards |
8.20. | Powerful Outboards Undermining Inboards |
8.21. | Outboard Emissions |
8.22. | Outboard Pollution Ignored |
8.23. | Electric Boat & Ship Sales 2015-2041 |
8.24. | Electric Boat & Ship Battery Demand 2015-2041 (GWh) |
8.25. | Electric Boat & Ship Market Value 2015-2041 ($ Billion) |
9. | ELECTRIC AIRCRAFT |
9.1. | Introduction |
9.2. | Summary of Drivers and Restraints |
9.3. | Drivers for Electric Aircraft |
9.4. | Challenges |
9.5. | More Electric Aircraft |
9.6. | Categorisation of Manned Electric Aircraft |
9.7. | Model analysis - anticipated range |
9.8. | Current short and medium-range addressable market |
9.9. | Current long-range addressable market |
9.10. | List of some key players and models by categorisation |
9.11. | Regulatory barriers and legislative drivers |
9.12. | Drones: Widening Uses and Types |
9.13. | Large expenditure on high altitude drones |
9.14. | Electric Aircraft Market Forecast |
10. | ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES |
10.1. | Li-ion Batteries |
10.1.1. | What is a Li-ion battery? |
10.1.2. | The Battery Trilemma |
10.1.3. | Electrochemistry Definitions 1 |
10.1.4. | Electrochemistry Definitions 2 |
10.1.5. | Lithium-based Battery Family Tree |
10.1.6. | Battery Wish List |
10.1.7. | More Than One Type of Li-ion battery |
10.1.8. | NMC: from 111 to 811 |
10.1.9. | Cobalt: Price Volatility |
10.1.10. | Cathode Performance Comparison |
10.1.11. | EV Models with NMC 811 |
10.1.12. | 811 Commercialisation Examples |
10.1.13. | Commercial Anodes: Graphite |
10.1.14. | The Promise of Silicon-based Anodes |
10.1.15. | The Reality of Silicon |
10.1.16. | Silicon: Incremental Steps |
10.1.17. | What is in a Cell? |
10.1.18. | Inactive Materials Negatively Affect Energy Density |
10.1.19. | Commercial Battery Packaging Technologies |
10.1.20. | Comparison of Commercial Cell Geometries |
10.1.21. | Cell Geometry Choices: Reason or Random? |
10.1.22. | What is NCMA? |
10.1.23. | Historic Li-ion Technology Mix, 2015-2019 (Plug-in Cars) |
10.1.24. | Cathode Chemistry Changes: Nickel up Cobalt down |
10.1.25. | Passenger Cars: Pack Energy Density Trends |
10.1.26. | LFP: Second Coming? |
10.1.27. | Lithium-based Batteries Beyond Li-ion |
10.1.28. | Li-ion Chemistry Snapshot: 2020, 2025, 2030 |
10.1.29. | Problems with Batteries |
10.1.30. | Hyundai Kona Takes out a Roof in Canada |
10.1.31. | Battery Reduction |
10.2. | Electric Traction Motors |
10.2.1. | Electric Traction Motors: Introduction |
10.2.2. | Electric Traction Motors: Introduction |
10.2.3. | Brushless DC Motors (BLDC): Working Principle |
10.2.4. | BLDC Motors: Advantages, Disadvantages |
10.2.5. | BLDC Motors: Benchmarking Scores |
10.2.6. | Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSM): Working Principle |
10.2.7. | PMSM: Advantages, Disadvantages |
10.2.8. | PMSM: Benchmarking Scores |
10.2.9. | Differences Between PMSM and BLDC |
10.2.10. | Wound Rotor Synchronous Motor (WRSM): Working Principle |
10.2.11. | WRSM Motors: Benchmarking Scores |
10.2.12. | WRSM: Advantages, Disadvantages |
10.2.13. | AC Induction Motors (ACIM): Working Principle |
10.2.14. | AC Induction Motor (ACIM) |
10.2.15. | AC Induction Motors: Benchmarking Scores |
10.2.16. | AC Induction Motor: Advantages, Disadvantages |
10.2.17. | Reluctance Motors |
10.2.18. | Reluctance Motor: Working Principle |
10.2.19. | Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM) |
10.2.20. | Switched Reluctance Motors: Benchmarking Scores |
10.2.21. | Permanent Magnet Assisted Reluctance (PMAR) |
10.2.22. | PMAR Motors: Benchmarking Scores |
10.3. | Electric Traction Motors: Summary and Benchmarking Results |
10.3.1. | Comparison of Traction Motor Construction and Merits |
10.3.2. | Motor Efficiency Comparison |
10.3.3. | Magnet Price Increase Risk |
10.3.4. | Multiple Motors: Explained |
10.3.5. | Lucid Motors: Dual PMSM? |
10.3.6. | Motor per Vehicle and kWp per Vehicle Assumptions |
10.3.7. | Electric Traction Motor Technology Forecast 2020-2030 |
10.3.8. | Emerging Motor Technologies |
10.3.9. | Radial Flux Motors |
10.3.10. | Axial Flux Motors |
10.3.11. | Radial Flux vs Axial Flux Motors |
10.3.12. | Axial Flux Motors: Interesting Players |
10.3.13. | List of Axial Flux Motor Players |
10.3.14. | Axial Flux Motors in Aircraft |
10.3.15. | Siemens |
10.3.16. | AVID EVO at 10 kW/kg |
10.3.17. | Avid Landing Large Orders |
10.3.18. | Magnax |
10.3.19. | Yasa Motors |
10.3.20. | Case-studies |
10.3.21. | In-Wheel Motors |
10.3.22. | Risks and Opportunities for In-wheel Motors |
10.3.23. | Risks and Opportunities for In-wheel Motors |
10.3.24. | Risks and Opportunities for In-Wheel Motors |
10.3.25. | Reducing Rare-Earth Usage in Electric Motors |
10.3.26. | Reducing Rare-Earth Usage in Electric Motors |
10.3.27. | Aluminium vs Copper Windings |
10.3.28. | Example: SRMs with Aluminium Windings? |
10.3.29. | Example: SRMs with Aluminium Windings? |
10.3.30. | Summary and Outlook |
11. | FORECASTS: OVERVIEW, ASSUMPTIONS, METHODOLOGY |
11.1. | Forecast Assumptions |
11.2. | FAQ on the Forecasts |
11.3. | Electric Vehicles Land, Sea & Air 2015-2041 |
11.4. | Electric Vehicles Land, Sea & Air Battery Demand 2015-2041 (TWh) |
11.5. | Electric Vehicles Land, Sea & Air Market Value 2015-2041 ($ trillion) |
11.6. | Global Car Sales by Powertrain: BEV, PHEV, FCEV, HEV, 48V MH, 48V FH 2015-2041 (cars, millions) |
11.7. | Electric Two-wheelers by Power Class 2015-2041 (two-wheelers, millions) |
11.8. | Electric Two-wheelers by Power Class 2015-2041 (GWh) |
11.9. | Electric Two-wheelers by Power Class 2015-2041 (GWh) |
11.10. | Electric Two-wheelers by Power Class 2015-2041 ($ billion) |
11.11. | BEV + PHEV Cars 2016-2041: % of Global Car Market |
11.12. | BEV + PHEV Cars 2016-2041: Battery Demand (GWh) |
11.13. | Electric LCV Market Penetration 2017-2041 |
11.14. | Electric LCV Sales 2017-2041 (BEV, PHEV and FCEV) |
11.15. | Electric LCV Battery Demand 2017-2041 (GWh) |
11.16. | Electric LCV Market Value 2017-2041 ($ Billion) |
11.17. | MD & HD Truck Market Penetration 2017-2041 |
11.18. | MD & HD Truck Sales 2017-2041 (BEV, PHEV, FCEV) |
11.19. | Electric MD & HD Truck Battery Demand 2017-2041 (GWh) |
11.20. | Electric MD & HD Truck Market Value 2017-2041 ($ Billion) |
11.21. | Electric Bus Sales 2015-2041 (Thousands) |
11.22. | Electric Bus Battery Demand 2015-2041 (GWh) |
11.23. | Electric Bus Market Value 2015-2041 ($ billion) |
11.24. | Electric Boat & Ship Sales 2015-2041 |
11.25. | Electric Boat & Ship Battery Demand 2015-2041 (GWh) |
11.26. | Electric Boat & Ship Market Value 2015-2041 ($ Billion) |
11.27. | Electric Aircraft Market Forecast 2020-2041 |