| 1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
| 1.1. | Classifications of solid-state electrolytes |
| 1.2. | Liquid vs solid-state batteries |
| 1.3. | Thin film vs bulk solid-state batteries |
| 1.4. | SSB company commercial plans |
| 1.5. | Solid state battery collaborations /investment by automotive OEMs |
| 1.6. | Automakers' timeline plans for installing SSB in vehicles |
| 1.7. | Automotive maker plans and progress on SSBs |
| 1.8. | Existing and upcoming EV models |
| 1.9. | Technological status and future trends |
| 1.10. | Supply chain status and future trends |
| 1.11. | Market / business status and future trends |
| 1.12. | Manufacturing / product status and future trends |
| 1.13. | Resources considerations |
| 1.14. | Negative opinions on solid-state batteries |
| 1.15. | Analysis of different features of SSBs |
| 1.16. | Solid-state battery development stage |
| 1.17. | Key challenges and uncertainties in solid-state battery development |
| 1.18. | Solid-state battery cell improvement strategies |
| 1.19. | Location overview of major solid-state battery companies |
| 1.20. | Summary of solid-state electrolyte technology |
| 1.21. | Comparison of solid-state electrolyte systems 1 |
| 1.22. | Comparison of solid-state electrolyte systems 2 |
| 1.23. | Current electrolyte challenges and possible solution |
| 1.24. | Technology summary of various companies |
| 1.25. | Solid-state battery value chain |
| 1.26. | Application analysis |
| 1.27. | Market forecast methodology |
| 1.28. | Assumptions and analysis of market forecast of SSB |
| 1.29. | Price forecast of solid-state battery for various applications |
| 1.30. | Solid-state battery addressable market size |
| 1.31. | Solid-state battery forecast 2025-2035 by application (GWh) |
| 1.32. | Solid-state battery forecast 2025-2035 by application (market value) |
| 1.33. | Solid-state battery forecast 2025-2035 by technology (GWh) |
| 1.34. | Solid-state battery forecast 2025-2035 by technology (GWh) |
| 1.35. | Market size segmentation in 2024 and 2030 |
| 1.36. | Solid-state battery forecast 2023-2035 for car plug in |
| 2. | INTRODUCTION TO SOLID-STATE BATTERIES |
| 2.1. | What is a Solid-State Battery? |
| 2.2. | What is a solid-state battery? |
| 2.3. | A solid future? |
| 2.4. | History of solid-state batteries |
| 2.5. | Milestone of solid-state battery development |
| 2.6. | Requirements for solid-state electrolyte with multifunctions |
| 2.7. | Solid-State Cell Composition |
| 2.8. | Popular solid-state battery cell choices |
| 2.9. | Lithium metal anodes |
| 2.10. | Where is lithium? |
| 2.11. | How to produce lithium |
| 2.12. | Lithium hydroxide vs lithium carbonate |
| 2.13. | High cost of lithium metal production |
| 2.14. | Challenge of electrochemical irreversibility |
| 2.15. | Conventional lithium metal production via electrolysis |
| 2.16. | Lithium-metal battery approaches |
| 2.17. | Failure story about metallic lithium anode |
| 2.18. | Lithium metal challenge |
| 2.19. | Dendrite formation: Current density |
| 2.20. | Dendrite formation: Pressure and temperature |
| 2.21. | Cycling preference for anode-free lithium metal cells |
| 2.22. | Solid-state battery with lithium metal anode |
| 2.23. | Lithium in solid-state batteries |
| 2.24. | Lithium metal foils |
| 2.25. | Lithium metal considerations |
| 2.26. | Lithium-metal slowing down factors |
| 2.27. | Silicon anode |
| 2.28. | Introduction to silicon anode |
| 2.29. | Value proposition of silicon anodes |
| 2.30. | Comparison between graphite and silicon |
| 2.31. | Solutions for silicon incorporation |
| 2.32. | Silicon anode for solid-state electrolyte |
| 2.33. | Importance of initial high-pressure conditioning for enhanced cyclability |
| 2.34. | Silicon anodes and solid-state batteries |
| 3. | SOLID-STATE ELECTROLYTE |
| 3.1. | Solid-state electrolyte landscape |
| 3.2. | Solid-state electrolytes |
| 3.3. | Solid Polymer Electrolyte |
| 3.4. | LiPo batteries, polymer-based batteries, polymeric batteries |
| 3.5. | Types of polymer electrolytes |
| 3.6. | Electrolytic polymer options |
| 3.7. | Advantages and issues of polymer electrolytes |
| 3.8. | PEO for solid polymer electrolyte |
| 3.9. | Companies working on polymer solid state batteries |
| 3.10. | Solid Oxide Inorganic Electrolytes |
| 3.11. | Oxide electrolyte |
| 3.12. | Garnet |
| 3.13. | Estimated cost projection for LLZO-based SSB |
| 3.14. | Typical thickness ranges of oxide solid-state electrolytes |
| 3.15. | NASICON-type |
| 3.16. | Perovskite |
| 3.17. | LiPON |
| 3.18. | LiPON: Construction |
| 3.19. | Players that have worked and are working on LIPON-based batteries |
| 3.20. | Cathode material options for LiPON-based batteries |
| 3.21. | Anodes for LiPON-based batteries |
| 3.22. | Substrate options for LiPON-based batteries |
| 3.23. | Trend of materials and processes of thin-film battery in different companies |
| 3.24. | LiPON: Capacity increase |
| 3.25. | Comparison of inorganic oxide solid-state electrolyte |
| 3.26. | Thermal stability of oxide electrolyte with lithium metal |
| 3.27. | Companies working on oxide solid state batteries |
| 3.28. | Solid Sulfide Inorganic Electrolytes |
| 3.29. | LISICON-type 1 |
| 3.30. | LISICON-type 2 |
| 3.31. | Argyrodite |
| 3.32. | Sulfide electrolyte cost structure |
| 3.33. | Companies working on sulphide solid state batteries |
| 3.34. | Other Electrolytes |
| 3.35. | Li-hydrides |
| 3.36. | Li-halides |
| 3.37. | Composite Electrolytes |
| 3.38. | The best of both worlds? |
| 3.39. | Approaches to an ideal composite solid-state electrolyte |
| 3.40. | Common hybrid electrolyte concept |
| 3.41. | Electrolyte analysis and comparison |
| 3.42. | Technology evaluation |
| 3.43. | Technology evaluation (continued) |
| 3.44. | Types of solid inorganic electrolytes for Li-ion |
| 3.45. | Advantages and issues with inorganic electrolytes 1 |
| 3.46. | Advantages and issues with inorganic electrolytes 2 |
| 3.47. | Advantages and issues with inorganic electrolytes 3 |
| 4. | SOLID-STATE BATTERY FEATURES |
| 4.1. | Value propositions of solid-state batteries |
| 4.2. | Safety |
| 4.3. | Safety consideration |
| 4.4. | Safety of liquid-electrolyte lithium-ion batteries |
| 4.5. | Modern horror films are finding their scares in dead phone batteries |
| 4.6. | Samsung's Firegate |
| 4.7. | LIB cell temperature and likely outcome |
| 4.8. | Safety aspects of Li-ion batteries |
| 4.9. | Are solid-state battery safer? |
| 4.10. | Conclusions of SSB safety |
| 4.11. | Energy Density |
| 4.12. | How do SSBs help with energy density |
| 4.13. | Energy density improvement |
| 4.14. | Solid state battery does not always lead to higher energy density |
| 4.15. | Specific energy comparison of different electrolytes |
| 4.16. | Alternative anode is required for high energy density |
| 4.17. | Conclusions of solid-state battery energy density |
| 4.18. | Fast Charging |
| 4.19. | Fast charging at each stage |
| 4.20. | Difficulties of fast charging in conventional Li-ion batteries |
| 4.21. | The importance of battery feature for fast charging |
| 4.22. | Fast charging for solid-state batteries |
| 5. | INTERESTS AND ACTIVITIES ON SOLID-STATE BATTERIES |
| 5.1. | Energy storage evolvement |
| 5.2. | Activities in the US |
| 5.3. | Policies and regulations |
| 5.4. | Activities and initiatives in the U.S. |
| 5.5. | USABC |
| 5.6. | IRA benefits on solid-state batteries |
| 5.7. | Activities in South Korea |
| 5.8. | Key activities and policies in South Korea |
| 5.9. | Battery vendors' efforts - Samsung SDI |
| 5.10. | Samsung's commercial efforts |
| 5.11. | LG's contributions |
| 5.12. | Activities in Japan |
| 5.13. | Key activities and developments in Japan |
| 5.14. | Activities in China |
| 5.15. | Policy support |
| 5.16. | Interests in China |
| 5.17. | 25 Chinese corporate progresses |
| 5.18. | 11 Chinese car player activities on solid-state batteries |
| 5.19. | Activities in Other Regions |
| 5.20. | Regional efforts: UK |
| 5.21. | Regional efforts: Germany |
| 5.22. | Regional efforts: France |
| 5.23. | Regional efforts: Australia |
| 5.24. | Activities on Automotive OEMs |
| 5.25. | Automakers' efforts - BMW |
| 5.26. | BMW's solid-state battery research |
| 5.27. | BMW's scaling competences from lab to prototype |
| 5.28. | Mercedes-Benz's inhouse cell development |
| 5.29. | Automakers' efforts - Volkswagen |
| 5.30. | Volkswagen's investment in electric vehicle batteries |
| 5.31. | Automakers' efforts - Hyundai |
| 5.32. | Hyundai's solid-state battery technology features |
| 5.33. | Enovate Motors |
| 5.34. | Other automotive OEMs |
| 6. | SOLID-STATE BATTERY RECENT FOCUSES |
| 6.1. | Typical hypes of solid-state batteries |
| 6.2. | Solid-state battery requirement |
| 6.3. | Solid-state battery development focuses in 2025 |
| 6.4. | Temperature performance in solid-state batteries |
| 6.5. | Pressure effects on solid-state batteries |
| 6.6. | Pressure can lower energy density |
| 6.7. | AI integration in solid-state battery development |
| 6.8. | Preventing dendrite growth in solid-state batteries |
| 6.9. | Dendrites prevention |
| 7. | FROM CELLS DESIGN TO SYSTEM DESIGN FOR SOLID-STATE BATTERIES |
| 7.1. | Solid-State Battery Cell Design |
| 7.2. | Commercial battery form factors 1 |
| 7.3. | Commercial battery form factors 2 |
| 7.4. | Battery configurations 1 |
| 7.5. | Battery configurations 2 |
| 7.6. | Cell stacking options |
| 7.7. | Bipolar cells |
| 7.8. | ProLogium's bipolar design |
| 7.9. | "Anode-free" batteries |
| 7.10. | Challenges of anode free batteries |
| 7.11. | Close stacking |
| 7.12. | Flexibility and customisation provided by solid-state batteries |
| 7.13. | Cell size trend |
| 7.14. | Cell design ideas |
| 7.15. | From Cell to Pack |
| 7.16. | Pack parameters mean more than cells |
| 7.17. | The importance of a pack system |
| 7.18. | Influence of the CTP design |
| 7.19. | BYD's blade battery: Overview |
| 7.20. | BYD's blade battery: Structure and composition |
| 7.21. | BYD's blade battery: Design |
| 7.22. | BYD's blade battery: Pack layout |
| 7.23. | BYD's blade battery: Energy density improvement |
| 7.24. | BYD's blade battery: Thermal safety |
| 7.25. | BYD's blade battery: Structural safety |
| 7.26. | Cost and performance |
| 7.27. | BYD's blade battery: What CTP indicates |
| 7.28. | CATL's CTP design |
| 7.29. | CATL's CTP battery evolution |
| 7.30. | CATL's Qilin Battery |
| 7.31. | From cell to pack for conventional Li-ions |
| 7.32. | Solid-state batteries: From cell to pack |
| 7.33. | Bipolar-enabled CTP |
| 7.34. | Conventional design vs bipolar cell design |
| 7.35. | EV battery pack assembly |
| 7.36. | ProLogium: "MAB" EV battery pack assembly |
| 7.37. | MAB idea to increase assembly utilization |
| 7.38. | Solid-state battery: Competing at pack level |
| 7.39. | Business models between battery-auto companies |
| 7.40. | Battery Management System for Solid-State Batteries |
| 7.41. | The importance of a battery management system |
| 7.42. | Functions of a BMS |
| 7.43. | BMS subsystems |
| 7.44. | Cell control |
| 7.45. | Cooling technology comparison |
| 7.46. | BMS designs with different geometries |
| 7.47. | Qilin Battery's thermal management system |
| 7.48. | Thermal conductivity of the cells |
| 7.49. | Cell connection |
| 7.50. | Implications of pressure on pack level |
| 7.51. | Impact of high pressure on energy density in battery packs |
| 7.52. | BMS design considerations for SSBs |
| 8. | SOLID-STATE BATTERY MANUFACTURING |
| 8.1. | Timeline for mass production |
| 8.2. | Technology readiness level scale |
| 8.3. | Conventional Li-ion battery cell production process |
| 8.4. | Manufacturing cost for sulfide-based cells |
| 8.5. | Manufacturing cost for oxide-based cells |
| 8.6. | The incumbent process: Lamination |
| 8.7. | Conventional Li-ion battery manufacturing conditions |
| 8.8. | General manufacturing differences between conventional Li-ion and SSBs |
| 8.9. | Process chains for solid electrolyte fabrication |
| 8.10. | Process chains for anode fabrication |
| 8.11. | Process chains for cathode fabrication |
| 8.12. | Process chains for cell assembly |
| 8.13. | Exemplary manufacturing processes |
| 8.14. | Possible processing routes of solid-state battery components fabrication |
| 8.15. | Is mass production coming? |
| 8.16. | Pouch cells |
| 8.17. | Techniques to fabricate aluminium laminated sheets |
| 8.18. | Packaging procedures for pouch cells 1 |
| 8.19. | Packaging procedures for pouch cells 2 |
| 8.20. | Oxide electrolyte thickness and processing temperatures |
| 8.21. | Solid battery fabrication process |
| 8.22. | Manufacturing equipment for solid-state batteries |
| 8.23. | Industrial-scale fabrication of Li metal polymer batteries |
| 8.24. | Are thin film electrolytes viable? |
| 8.25. | Summary of main fabrication technique for thin film batteries |
| 8.26. | Wet-chemical & vacuum-based deposition methods for Li-oxide thin films |
| 8.27. | Current processing methods and challenges for mass manufacturing of Li-oxide thin-film materials |
| 8.28. | PVD processes for thin-film batteries 1 |
| 8.29. | PVD processes for thin-film batteries 2 |
| 8.30. | PVD processes for thin-film batteries 3 |
| 8.31. | Ilika's PVD approach |
| 8.32. | Avenues for manufacturing |
| 8.33. | Toyota's approach 1 |
| 8.34. | Toyota's approach 2 |
| 8.35. | Hitachi Zosen's approach |
| 8.36. | Sakti3's PVD approach |
| 8.37. | Planar Energy's approach |
| 8.38. | Typical manufacturing method of the all-solid-state battery (SMD type) |
| 8.39. | ProLogium's LCB manufacturing processes |
| 8.40. | ProLogium's manufacturing processes |
| 8.41. | Solid Power: Fabrication of cathode and electrolyte |
| 8.42. | Solid Power cell production |
| 8.43. | Pilot production facility of Solid Power |
| 8.44. | Qingtao's manufacturing processes |
| 8.45. | Yichun 1GWh facility equipment and capacity |
| 8.46. | Introduction to dry electrode manufacturing |
| 8.47. | Comparison of dry vs conventional manufacturing |
| 8.48. | Dry battery electrode fabrication |
| 8.49. | Dry electrode binders |
| 8.50. | Comparison between wet slurry and dry electrode processes |
| 9. | RECYCLING |
| 9.1. | Global policy summary on Li-ion battery recycling |
| 9.2. | Battery geometry for recycling |
| 9.3. | Lack of pack standardisation |
| 9.4. | LIB recycling approaches overview |
| 9.5. | Recycling categories |
| 9.6. | Recycling of SSBs 1 |
| 9.7. | Recycling of SSBs 2 |
| 9.8. | Overview of SE classes and assessment of recyclability |
| 9.9. | Recycling plan of ProLogium 1 |
| 9.10. | Recycling plan of ProLogium 2 |
| 9.11. | Innovative lithium-metal recycling by Blue Solutions |
| 9.12. | Recycling proposed by Blue Solutions |
| 9.13. | Lithium metal recycling |
| 10. | STANDARDS/POLICIES/ REGULATIONS FOR AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS |
| 10.1. | Standardisation and legislative framework |
| 10.2. | Global Standardization and Regulation |
| 10.3. | International Organizations |
| 10.4. | Relevant National Organizations |
| 10.5. | UN 38.3 |
| 10.6. | IEC - 61960 |
| 10.7. | IEC 61960 - 3 & 4 |
| 10.8. | SAE J2464 |
| 10.9. | UL 1642 |
| 10.10. | UL 1642 - Further information: Scope of the Test |
| 10.11. | EUCAR and the Hazard Level |
| 10.12. | Common safety verification |
| 11. | COMPANY PROFILES |
| 11.1. | 24M Technologies, Inc. |
| 11.2. | Ampcera |
| 11.3. | Beijing WeLion New Energy Technology |
| 11.4. | Blue Current |
| 11.5. | Blue Solutions: The Latest From the Bolloré Battery Developer |
| 11.6. | BrightVolt, Inc |
| 11.7. | CALB |
| 11.8. | CEA-Leti |
| 11.9. | Chinese Academy of Sciences |
| 11.10. | Contemporary Amperex Technology Co. Limited (CATL) |
| 11.11. | Coslight International Group |
| 11.12. | Cymbet Corporation |
| 11.13. | Ensurge Micropower ASA |
| 11.14. | Excellatron Solid State LLC |
| 11.15. | Factorial Energy |
| 11.16. | FDK Corporation |
| 11.17. | Fisker Inc. |
| 11.18. | Fraunhofer |
| 11.19. | Front Edge Technology |
| 11.20. | Ganfeng Lithium |
| 11.21. | Hydro-Québec |
| 11.22. | Hytzer Energy |
| 11.23. | Ilika |
| 11.24. | Infinite Power Solutions |
| 11.25. | Ion Storage Systems |
| 11.26. | Ionic Materials |
| 11.27. | Jiawei Renewable Energy |
| 11.28. | Johnson Energy Storage |
| 11.29. | Kanadevia Corporation |
| 11.30. | Natrion |
| 11.31. | Ohara Corporation |
| 11.32. | PolyPlus Battery Company |
| 11.33. | Prieto Battery Inc |
| 11.34. | Prime Planet Energy & Solutions |
| 11.35. | Prologium Technology Co Ltd |
| 11.36. | Qingtao Energy Development |
| 11.37. | QuantumScape |
| 11.38. | Rimac Technology |
| 11.39. | Schott AG |
| 11.40. | Seeo, Inc |
| 11.41. | SES AI |
| 11.42. | Solid Power |
| 11.43. | SOLiTHOR |
| 11.44. | Solvay |
| 11.45. | STMicroelectronics |
| 11.46. | Taiyo Yuden |
| 11.47. | TDK |
| 11.48. | Toshiba |
| 11.49. | Toyota |