그린 스틸(Green Steel) 기술 동향, 주요 기업 및 시장 전망 2025-2035

수소 기반 직접 환원 철강(Hydrogen-DRI), 전기화학 제철(Electrochemical Ironmaking), 철스크랩 기반 전기로(Scrap-EAF), 고로 탈탄소화(Blast Furnace Decarbonization) 등 저탄소 철강 및 친환경 철강 기술 및 주요 업체, 스타트업, 사례 연구, 친환경 철강 프로젝트 및 지역별 친환경 철강 전망을 포괄하는 보고서

모두 보기 설명 목차, 표 및 그림 목록 자주 묻는 질문 가격

전 세계 이산화탄소 배출량의 7~9%를 차지하는 철강 부문은 규제와 기술 혁신으로 인해 빠르게 진화하고 있습니다. 이 IDTechEx 보고서에서는 고로 개조부터 수소 기반 직접 환원 및 새로운 전기 화학적 접근 방식에 이르기까지 기존 및 새로운 제철 공정에 대한 분석을 통해 기술-경제적 생산성 비교, 배출량 프로필 및 기술 준비 수준을 평가하고 있습니다. 더불어, 기존 기업 및 스타트업의 사례연구를 통해 상업화 가능성이 높은 기술에 대한 평가, 비즈니스 모델 및 파트너십 현황을 포함하여 지역 및 생산 방식별 향후 10년간 시장예측 및 전망을 제공합니다.

이 보고서는 저탄소 및 친환경 철강 생산으로의 전환을 형성하는 기술 경로, 시장 역학 및 경쟁 환경에 대해 다음과 같은 정보를 제공합니다.

지속 가능한 철강 생산 기술 및 시장 분석:

기존 고로-전로(BF-BOF) 철강 생산 방식과 환경적 영향에 대한 상세 분석
기존 설비의 다양한 탈 탄소화 기술 검토 _ 고로 혁신, 바이오매스 및 수소 주입
철강 산업에서의 탄소 포집, 활용 및 저장(CCUS) 적용 평가
철 스크랩 및 재생 에너지를 활용한 전기로(EAF) 제강 분석
친환경 수소 생산부터 철강 제조에 이르는 전체. 공급망을 포함한 수소 기반 철강 생산에 대한 심층 분석
전기화학적 공정, 열화학적 환원, 전기 가열 기술 등 철강 산업을 혁신할 가능성이 있는 신기술 분석
다양한 철강 생산 경로의 기술-경제적 비교: 기술 성숙도(TRL), 투입 요구사항, 생산 비용, 배출량 프로필 평가

산업 동향 및 시장 역학:

글로벌 철강 산업 현황 개요: 생산 공정, 주요 생산국, 주요 기업 분석
주요 시장에서 친환경 철강 도입을 주도하는 정책 및 규제 검토, 특히 EU 시장 집중 분석
친환경 철강 프로젝트 발표, 신흥 비즈니스 모델, 철강 기업의 탈탄소화 전략 분석
철강 가격, 수요 측 트렌드 및 자동차, 건설 등 주요 산업에서의 친환경 철강 수요처 분석
철강 탈탄소화 분야 주요 기업들의 상세 기업 프로필 제공

시장 예측 및 지역별 분석:

지역별 및 기술별로 세분화된 글로벌 철강 생산량 예측
지역별 및 기술별 친환경 철강 및 저탄소 철강 시장 예측
지역별 철강 생산 능력 및 기술 도입 동향 평가

이 보고서에서 다루는 주요 내용은 아래와 같습니다.

1. 핵심 요약

2. 개요

2.1 글로벌 철강 산업 개요

2.2 고로-전로(BF-BOF) 기반의 기존 철강 생산 방식

2.3 친환경 철강의 필요성

2.4 친환경 철강에 대한 수요 촉진: 정책 및 규제

3. 기존 철강 설비의 탈탄소화

3.1 철광석 채굴 탈탄소화

3.2 철광석 응결 공정의 탈탄소화

3.3 고로 탈탄소화 및 기타 석탄 기반 대안 기술

3.4 철강 산업에서의 CCUS

3.5 전기로(EAF) 제철 및 재생 에너지 사용

4. 수소 기반 철강 생산

4.1 철강 생산을 위한 수소 공급망 개요

4.2 수소 기반 직접 환원 철(DRI) 및 전기로(EAF) 제강

4.3 전기 용해로(ESF)

5. 신기술을 활용한 철 생산

5.1 신기술 기반 철강 기술 개요

5.2 전기 화학적 철 생산

5.3 열화학 및 수소 플라즈마 기반 제철 기술

5.4 전기 가열을 활용한 제철 기술

6. 철강 생산 공정의 기술-경제적 비교

7. 친환경 철강 시장 분석

7.1 친환경 철강 프로젝트 발표 및 주요 기업

7.2 친환경 철강의 응용 산업 분석

7.3 철강 시장의 지역별 동향

8. 시장 전망

8.1 글로벌 철강 시장 전망

8.2 친환경 철강 시장 전망

9. 기업 프로필

The global steel industry stands at a critical crossroads. Responsible for 7-9% of global CO₂ emissions, steelmakers face mounting pressure to transform as climate regulations tighten and market demands evolve. This IDTechEx report examines how the industry is responding to these challenges through 2035, analyzing both incremental improvements to existing processes and innovative production methods using hydrogen and clean electricity.

Steel's carbon challenge & evolution to green steel

The traditional blast furnace-basic oxygen furnace (BF-BOF) production route uses coking coal as both fuel and reducing agent, making it highly carbon intensive. Evolving regulations and the global push towards sustainability are influencing the steel market, mounting pressure on steelmakers to decarbonize.

Natural gas-based direct reduced iron (NG-DRI) production is already well-established in several regions. While NG-DRI has previously been limited to areas with cheap and abundant natural gas (e.g., Middle East), it is now seen as a transitional technology for reducing emissions. The industry is pursuing multiple decarbonization pathways simultaneously - from optimizing existing facilities through blast furnace modifications and CCUS integration to deploying new technologies. Hydrogen-based DRI (H₂-DRI) powered by green hydrogen is emerging as the primary goal for the industry, with all major steelmakers looking to adopt this technology.

Hydrogen-based direct reduction technologies encompass multiple process variants. Midrex and Energiron are established shaft furnace technologies already widely used in NG-DRI, but newer fluidized bed and plasma reduction approaches are also emerging. Companies like Voestalpine, POSCO, and others are developing newer variants capable of consuming lower grade iron ore while simplifying overall production.

Key green ironmaking technologies for green steel production covered in the report. Source: IDTechEx

Steelmakers, metallurgical technology developers, mining companies, and startups are all engaged in developing completely new concepts for sustainable ironmaking. The report highlights key technologies that could shape future production through detailed case studies. Notably, startups like Boston Metal and Electra, alongside established players like ArcelorMittal, are developing new electrochemical methods for iron production. Overall, green steel innovators are attracting significant investments from major corporations and financial institutions, alongside government subsidies, indicating promising potential.

IDTechEx covers a wide spectrum of decarbonization strategies, including renewable energy implementation in mining operations, biomass and hydrogen injection in blast furnaces, expansion of electric arc furnace (EAF) capacity for recycling scrap, and novel approaches such as electrochemical ironmaking, molten oxide electrolysis, and plasma-based reduction technologies.

Market drivers & industry transformation

Green steel market evolution with key drivers and barriers for growth. Source: IDTechEx

Policy frameworks like the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS) and Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) are creating economic pressure for steelmakers to adopt low-carbon technologies, while sectors such as automotive and construction increasingly demand greener materials. Major steelmakers are committing billions to technology development and hydrogen-ready production sites, with close to 100 million tonnes of hydrogen-ready production capacity announced globally by the mid-2030s. Most of these projects will start off using natural gas and all aim to eventually transition to low-carbon hydrogen.

The combination of large iron reserves and renewable energy potential could establish new iron and steel production hubs in regions such as Australia, Brazil, and Africa. Green hydrogen development is a key catalyst for green steel, though it will require supportive legislation and financial incentives to bring projects into commercial operation.

IDTechEx's report provides detailed analysis of these market dynamics, including:

Regional policy developments and their impact on steel production
Emerging business models and green steel premiums
Key off-takers driving demand in different application sectors
Techno-economic comparison of production routes based on levelized costs of steel (LCOS), CO₂ emission intensity, and other factors

Forecasts, regional trends, and global outlook

IDTechEx's 10-year forecasts break down global steel production and green steel adoption by major regions and production routes, offering a comprehensive outlook into market evolution. The forecasts are segmented by major production routes, including BF-BOF, Scrap-EAF, NG-DRI-EAF, H₂-DRI-EAF, and CCUS-based steel. These global forecasts are also segmented regionally, covering Europe, China, India, Rest of Asia-Pacific, North America, South America, Middle East, and Africa, with outlooks on the evolution of different technologies in each region.

Key Aspects

This report offers key insights for stakeholders interested in understanding the technological pathways, market dynamics, and competitive landscape shaping the transition to low-carbon and green steel production.

Sustainable Steel Production Technology and Market Analysis:

Detailed analysis of conventional blast furnace steel production methods (BF-BOF) and their environmental impact
Examination of various decarbonization technologies for existing facilities, including blast furnace innovations, biomass and hydrogen injection
Assessment of carbon capture, utilization & storage (CCUS) applications in the steel sector
Analysis of electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking using recycled steel and renewable energy sources
In-depth exploration of hydrogen-based steel production, including the complete supply chain from green hydrogen production to application in steelmaking
Analysis of novel ironmaking technologies with potential to transform the industry, including electrochemical processes, thermochemical reduction, and electrified heating approaches
Techno-economic comparison of different steel production routes, examining technology readiness levels (TRL), input requirements, production costs, and emissions profiles

Industry Trends and Market Dynamics:

Overview of the global iron and steel industry landscape, including production processes, major producing countries, and key market players
Examination of policy frameworks and regulations driving green steel adoption across major markets, with particular focus on the EU
Analysis of green steel project announcements, emerging business models, and steelmakers' decarbonization initiatives
Analysis of steel prices, demand-side trends, and key green steel off-takers in automotive, construction, and other industries
Detailed company profiles of key players in the steel decarbonization landscape

Market Forecasts and Regional Analysis:

Global steel production forecasts segmented by region and technology
Green steel and low-carbon steel market forecasts by region and technology
Assessment of regional trends in steel production capacity and technology adoption

Report Metrics	Details
Historic Data	2020 - 2024
CAGR	Hydrogen-based green steel production is forecasted to reach 46 million tonnes by 2035. This represents a CAGR of 37.6% compared to 2025.
Forecast Period	2025 - 2035
Forecast Units	Million tonnes of crude steel (Mt), US$ billions
Regions Covered	Europe, North America (USA + Canada), China, India, All Asia-Pacific, Worldwide
Segments Covered	Regional forecast segmentation: Europe, China, India, Rest of Asia-Pacific, North America, South America, Middle East, Africa Technological forecast segmentation: BF-BOF, Scrap-EAF, DRI-EAF, H2-DRI-EAF, CCUS-based steel

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Table of Contents

1.	EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1.1.	Current state of the iron & steel industry - top producing regions
1.2.	Top steelmakers globally
1.3.	Global steel use in finished products
1.4.	Overview of steel production routes
1.5.	Why is steel production difficult to decarbonize?
1.6.	Steel industry emissions are approaching 10% of global emissions
1.7.	Overview of decarbonization technologies for the steel sector
1.8.	Green steel - what is it & how is it made?
1.9.	Green steel regulation & policies - global overview
1.10.	Overview of the iron ore mining industry
1.11.	Decarbonization technologies in iron ore agglomeration (pelletizing & sintering)
1.12.	Overview of strategies to lower emissions of blast furnace sites
1.13.	Replacing blast furnaces with coal-based smelting reduction alternatives
1.14.	CCUS will play a limited role in decarbonizing the iron and steel sector
1.15.	The case for hydrogen in steel decarbonization
1.16.	Opportunities for integration of H2 technologies into steelmaking
1.17.	H2-DRI-EAF using green H2
1.18.	Notable steelmaker & water electrolyzer OEM partnerships
1.19.	Players in direct reduction shaft furnace technologies
1.20.	Fluidized bed vs fixed bed reduction processes
1.21.	Scrap recycling in EAFs is already a key pathway for steel decarbonization
1.22.	Major steelmakers are increasing electric arc furnace (EAF) capacity
1.23.	Electric smelting furnaces (ESFs) - key benefits over EAFs
1.24.	The case for developing alternative ironmaking technologies
1.25.	Hydrogen-based ironmaking vs electrified ironmaking
1.26.	Company landscape for novel ironmaking technologies
1.27.	TRL comparison
1.28.	Cost comparison of different green steel production routes
1.29.	Potential CO₂ reductions & cost of CO₂ abatement comparison
1.30.	Steelmakers are establishing new low-carbon steel product lines
1.31.	Automotive is the main application market for green steel
1.32.	Other sectors adopting green steel
1.33.	Project announcements for hydrogen-ready DRI capacity (Mt DRI)
1.34.	Example of a green steel supply chain - Stegra
1.35.	Global steel production forecast by production route - discussion
1.36.	Global steel production forecast by region - discussion
1.37.	Low-carbon steel forecast by technology, 2025-2035
1.38.	Hydrogen-based green steel forecast by region - discussion (1)
1.39.	Hydrogen-based green steel forecast by region - discussion (2)
1.40.	LCOS & total global cost of hydrogen-based steel production, 2025-2035
2.	INTRODUCTION
2.1.	Overview of the global iron & steel industry
2.1.1.	Introduction to iron & steel
2.1.2.	Overview of the iron ore mining industry - top producing regions
2.1.3.	Overview of the iron ore mining industry - top producing companies
2.1.4.	Historical growth of the global steel industry
2.1.5.	Global steelmaking capacity has shifted from the West to East
2.1.6.	Current state of the iron & steel industry - top producing regions
2.1.7.	Overview of steel production routes
2.1.8.	Regional distribution of the iron & steel plants
2.1.9.	Global ironmaking capacity
2.1.10.	Global steelmaking capacity
2.1.11.	Top steelmakers globally
2.1.12.	Recent trends in the steel market
2.1.13.	Global steel use in finished products (1)
2.1.14.	Global steel use in finished products (2)
2.1.15.	Recent trends in top steel producing countries (1)
2.1.16.	Recent trends in top steel producing countries (1)
2.1.17.	Recent trends in top steel producing countries (1)
2.1.18.	Major market drivers & barriers in the steel sector
2.2.	Conventional iron & steel production using BF-BOF
2.2.1.	The steel industry rapidly adopts new technology but still relies on coal
2.2.2.	BF-BOF process overview
2.2.3.	Blast furnace operation - overview
2.2.4.	Blast furnace operation - reactions
2.2.5.	Blast furnace material balance - inputs & outputs
2.2.6.	Blast furnace sizes
2.2.7.	Blast furnace gas management
2.2.8.	Downstream steelmaking process
2.2.9.	Alloying elements used in steel
2.2.10.	Steelmaking - basic oxygen furnace (BOF) vs electric arc furnace (EAF)
2.3.	The need for green steel
2.3.1.	Steel industry emissions are approaching 10% of global emissions
2.3.2.	Why is steel production difficult to decarbonize?
2.3.3.	Breakdown of CO₂ emissions from the conventional BF-BOF process
2.3.4.	Main CO₂ reduction focuses for the iron and steel industry
2.3.5.	Overview of decarbonization technologies for the steel sector
2.3.6.	Green steel - what is it & how is it made?
2.3.7.	Main routes to green steel (1)
2.3.8.	Main routes to green steel (2)
2.3.9.	Key drivers & barriers for the green steel industry
2.4.	Stimulating demand for green steel: policies & regulation
2.4.1.	Green steel regulation & policies - global overview
2.4.2.	Green steel policy frameworks & decarbonization strategies (1)
2.4.3.	Green steel policy frameworks & decarbonization strategies (2)
2.4.4.	Green steel policy frameworks & decarbonization strategies (3)
2.4.5.	Green steel policy frameworks & decarbonization strategies (4)
2.4.6.	Green steel policy frameworks & decarbonization strategies (5)
2.4.7.	Introduction to carbon pricing, carbon markets & emissions trading systems
2.4.8.	Compliance carbon pricing mechanisms across the globe
2.4.9.	EU ETS impact on the European steel industry - past, present & future
2.4.10.	EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM)
2.4.11.	Key definitions for CBAM
2.4.12.	EU CBAM - compliance & timelines
2.4.13.	Steel industry criticism of the EU CBAM & proposed reforms
2.4.14.	How might CBAM impact the steel market?
2.4.15.	EU regulations driving green steel use in automotive
2.4.16.	ESPR regulations in Europe & potential impacts on steel
2.4.17.	Potential impacts of Trump's tariffs on the steel & aluminum sectors
2.4.18.	US green steel projects face uncertainty under Trump's administration
3.	DECARBONIZATION OF EXISTING IRON & STEEL FACILITIES
3.1.	Iron ore mining decarbonization
3.1.1.	Iron ore types - magnetite is preferred for green steel
3.1.2.	Iron ore mining & beneficiation
3.1.3.	Renewable energy use in mining operations
3.1.4.	Opportunities & challenges for renewable energy use in mining
3.1.5.	Advantages & barriers to electrification of mining equipment
3.1.6.	CO₂ emission contribution of mining vehicles
3.1.7.	Emissions targets of mining industry companies
3.1.8.	Canada incentivizing decarbonization of mining vehicles
3.1.9.	Where might mining EVs be adopted?
3.1.10.	Productivity benefits of electric vehicles
3.1.11.	Key mining vehicle types for electrification
3.1.12.	Major electrification activity of OEMs
3.1.13.	Fortescue goes big on Liebherr mining EVs
3.1.14.	Electric dump trucks entering full-time use in Europe
3.2.	Decarbonizing iron ore agglomeration
3.2.1.	Supply chain overview
3.2.2.	Processed iron ore - lumps, sinters, pellets
3.2.3.	Comparison of iron ore lumps, sinters & pellets
3.2.4.	Additive materials - coke, limestone & others
3.2.5.	Decarbonization technologies in iron ore agglomeration (pelletizing & sintering)
3.2.6.	Commercial approaches to emission reductions in agglomeration (1)
3.2.7.	Commercial approaches to emission reductions in agglomeration (2)
3.2.8.	Major iron ore agglomeration process technology suppliers
3.2.9.	Adjusting sinter composition can reduce CO₂ emissions
3.2.10.	Primetals Technologies' sinter plant improvements
3.2.11.	Baosteel's microwave sintering technology
3.2.12.	CO₂ emissions in iron ore pelletizing
3.2.13.	LKAB's fuel switching tests for pelletizing operations
3.2.14.	CSIRO's new pelletizing process
3.2.15.	Metso Outotec's next-gen pelletizing plants
3.2.16.	Vale's cold iron ore briquetting technology
3.3.	Blast-furnace decarbonization & other coal-based alternatives
3.3.1.	Overview of strategies to lower emissions of blast furnace sites
3.3.2.	Companies using biomass as a reducing agent
3.3.3.	Hydrogen injection into blast furnaces - Nippon Steel
3.3.4.	Other companies considering hydrogen injection into blast furnaces
3.3.5.	Paul Wurth case study - syngas dry reforming for blast furnaces
3.3.6.	Paul Wurth case study - plasma-based heating & syngas injection
3.3.7.	University of Queensland - feedstock optimization for low-volume slag
3.3.8.	University of Queensland - DRI-BF hybrid processes
3.3.9.	Replacing blast furnaces with coal-based smelting reduction alternatives
3.3.10.	Tata Steel's Hisarna process
3.3.11.	POSCO's FINEX process
3.3.12.	Coal-based rotary kiln DRI & SL/RN process
3.3.13.	Rotary hearth furnace (RHF)
3.4.	CCUS in the steel sector
3.4.1.	CCUS will play a limited role in decarbonizing the iron and steel sector
3.4.2.	What is carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS)?
3.4.3.	The CCUS value chain
3.4.4.	Overview of CCUS for iron & steel (1)
3.4.5.	Overview of CCUS for iron & steel (2)
3.4.6.	CCUS for BF-BOF (blast furnace-basic oxygen furnace) process
3.4.7.	How does CO₂ partial pressure influence cost?
3.4.8.	When should different carbon capture technologies be used?
3.4.9.	Post combustion capture technologies for BF-BOF process
3.4.10.	Amine-based post-combustion CO₂ absorption
3.4.11.	Pre-combustion carbon capture for ironmaking (1)
3.4.12.	Pre-combustion carbon capture for ironmaking (2)
3.4.13.	Sorption enhanced water gas shift (SEWGS)
3.4.14.	Gas recycling and oxyfuel combustion for ironmaking
3.4.15.	Blast furnace gas CO₂ capture technologies comparison
3.4.16.	Carbon capture for natural gas-based DRI
3.4.17.	CCUS project pipeline for the steel sector
3.4.18.	Development of the CCUS business model
3.4.19.	Overview of CO₂ storage
3.4.20.	Storage-type TRL and operator landscape
3.4.21.	Overview of CO₂ transportation
3.4.22.	CO₂ utilization for the steel sector
3.4.23.	Carbon capture costs by industrial sector
3.4.24.	What is a carbon credit and carbon offsetting?
3.4.25.	Steelmakers purchasing carbon credits
3.4.26.	Challenges and opportunities for CCUS in the steel sector
3.5.	Electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking & renewable energy use
3.5.1.	Scrap recycling in EAFs is already a key pathway for steel decarbonization
3.5.2.	Ferrous scrap is a key raw material for the steel industry
3.5.3.	Why are EAFs needed for green steelmaking?
3.5.4.	Major steelmakers are increasing electric arc furnace (EAF) capacity
3.5.5.	Electric arc furnace (EAF) design
3.5.6.	Leading EAF supplier case study - Tenova
3.5.7.	Ultra-high power (UHP) EAF
3.5.8.	Major EAF suppliers (1)
3.5.9.	Major EAF suppliers (2)
3.5.10.	Scrap-EAF process & the need for net-zero DRI-EAF
3.5.11.	Renewable energy procurement for EAF steelmaking - key commercial activities
3.5.12.	Nuclear power for steelmaking - reasons for adoption
3.5.13.	Nuclear power plans & investments from steelmakers
3.5.14.	Concentrated solar power & thermal energy storage for steelmaking
4.	HYDROGEN-BASED STEEL PRODUCTION
4.1.	Overview of the hydrogen supply chain for steelmaking
4.1.1.	The case for hydrogen in steel decarbonization
4.1.2.	Key technology providers for DRI production
4.1.3.	The colors of hydrogen
4.1.4.	State of the hydrogen market today
4.1.5.	Why is green hydrogen needed?
4.1.6.	Typical green hydrogen plant layout
4.1.7.	Typical green hydrogen plant layout
4.1.8.	Electrolyzer cells, stacks and balance of plant (BOP)
4.1.9.	Green hydrogen: main electrolyzer technologies
4.1.10.	Commercial progress of green hydrogen
4.1.11.	Hydrogen Value Chain Overview
4.1.12.	LCOH forecast for different types of hydrogen (grey, blue & green)
4.1.13.	Opportunities for integration of H2 technologies into steelmaking
4.1.14.	H2-DRI-EAF using green H2
4.1.15.	Notable steelmaker & water electrolyzer OEM partnerships
4.1.16.	Salzgitter using solid oxide electrolyzers (SOECs) for DRI
4.1.17.	Potential integration of methane pyrolysis into iron & steel processes
4.1.18.	Hydrogen used in steel rolling - Ovako
4.1.19.	SWOT analysis for low-carbon hydrogen use in green steel
4.2.	Hydrogen-based direct reduction of iron (DRI) & EAF steelmaking
4.2.1.	Current state of the global direct reduced iron (DRI) production
4.2.2.	DRI-EAF process overview
4.2.3.	Direct reduction shaft furnaces
4.2.4.	DR shaft furnaces vs blast furnaces
4.2.5.	H2-DRI-EAF process inputs & outputs
4.2.6.	Players in direct reduction shaft furnace technologies
4.2.7.	Midrex process
4.2.8.	Energiron process
4.2.9.	Replacing natural gas with hydrogen in DRI-EAF (1)
4.2.10.	Replacing natural gas with hydrogen in DRI-EAF (2)
4.2.11.	Fluidized bed vs fixed bed reduction processes
4.2.12.	POSCO FINEX & HyREX processes
4.2.13.	Circored process
4.2.14.	Challenges in commercializing the Circored process
4.2.15.	HYFOR process
4.2.16.	Direct reduced iron (DRI) output
4.2.17.	Comparison of DRI outputs
4.2.18.	Steelmaking process
4.2.19.	Major steelmakers are increasing electric arc furnace (EAF) capacity
4.2.20.	Steelmaking - basic oxygen furnace (BOF) vs electric arc furnace (EAF)
4.2.21.	EAF energy & material consumption
4.2.22.	Challenges for zero-carbon EAF operation
4.2.23.	Replacing coke and coal with biochar in the EAF
4.3.	Electric smelting furnaces (ESF)
4.3.1.	EAF limitations & comparison to ESF
4.3.2.	Electric smelting furnaces (ESFs) - key benefits over EAFs
4.3.3.	Electric smelting furnaces (ESFs) - integration opportunity with existing plants
4.3.4.	Commercial ESF design examples & technology suppliers
4.3.5.	Companies leading electric smelting furnace development
4.3.6.	Companies leading electric smelting furnace development
5.	NOVEL IRONMAKING TECHNOLOGIES
5.1.	Overview of novel iron & steel technologies
5.1.1.	The case for developing alternative ironmaking technologies
5.1.2.	Hydrogen-based ironmaking vs electrified ironmaking
5.1.3.	Company landscape for novel ironmaking technologies
5.2.	Electrochemical ironmaking
5.2.1.	SIDERWIN - electrowinning technology (1)
5.2.2.	SIDERWIN - electrowinning technology (2)
5.2.3.	ArcelorMittal & John Cockerill - Volteron electrowinning
5.2.4.	Electra - electrowinning technology (1)
5.2.5.	Electra - electrowinning technology (2)
5.2.6.	Fortescue's direct electrochemical reduction (DER)
5.2.7.	Element Zero - medium-temperature electrolysis
5.2.8.	Boston Metal - molten oxide electrolysis (1)
5.2.9.	Boston Metal - molten oxide electrolysis (2)
5.2.10.	Metalysis - solid-state electrolysis (1)
5.2.11.	Metalysis - solid-state electrolysis (2)
5.3.	Thermochemical & hydrogen plasma-based ironmaking
5.3.1.	HyIron - direct reduction using H2 in rotary kilns (1)
5.3.2.	HyIron - direct reduction using H2 in rotary kilns (2)
5.3.3.	Flash ironmaking technology
5.3.4.	Helios - novel sodium-based thermal process (1)
5.3.5.	Helios - novel sodium-based thermal process (2)
5.3.6.	Hydrogen plasma smelting reduction (HSPR) (1)
5.3.7.	Hydrogen plasma smelting reduction (HSPR) (2)
5.3.8.	HSPR startups - Hertha Metals & Ferrum Technologies
5.4.	Electrified heating for ironmaking
5.4.1.	Calix's ZESTY process - electrified heating
5.4.2.	Microwave-based iron reduction initiatives
5.4.3.	Rio Tinto BioIron - reduction with microwaves & biomass (1)
5.4.4.	Rio Tinto BioIron - reduction with microwaves & biomass (2)
5.4.5.	Laser heating for ironmaking - Limelight Steel
6.	TECHNO-ECONOMIC COMPARISON OF STEEL PROCESSES
6.1.	TRL comparison
6.2.	Iron feedstock requirements for different steelmaking routes
6.3.	Energy consumption of different steel production routes
6.4.	Levelized cost of steel (LCOS) overview
6.5.	Cost comparison of different green steel production routes
6.6.	CAPEX, OPEX and fuel costs of different steel production routes
6.7.	Carbon footprint comparison of different steel production routes
6.8.	Potential CO₂ reductions & cost of CO₂ abatement comparison
6.9.	Emission variations due to source of electricity
6.10.	Regional variations in LCOS for hydrogen-based steelmaking
6.11.	Impact of natural gas replacement with green hydrogen in DRI-EAF
7.	GREEN STEEL MARKET ANALYSIS
7.1.	Green steel projects announcements & players
7.1.1.	Steelmakers' decarbonization targets
7.1.2.	Project announcements for hydrogen-ready DRI capacity (Mt DRI)
7.1.3.	Hydrogen-ready DRI project announcements - Europe
7.1.4.	Hydrogen-ready DRI project announcements - Asia-Pacific
7.1.5.	Hydrogen-ready DRI project announcements - Rest of the World
7.1.6.	Green iron & steel create opportunities for new production hubs globally
7.1.7.	Green iron & steel corridors - potential to reshape global supply chains
7.1.8.	HYBRIT project - SSAB, LKAB & Vattenfall
7.1.9.	SSAB's low-carbon steel
7.1.10.	Stegra (H2 Green Steel)
7.1.11.	Example of a green steel supply chain - Stegra
7.1.12.	Steelmakers are establishing new low-carbon steel product lines
7.1.13.	Steelmakers using mass balance allocation
7.1.14.	Green steel certificates used for reinvestment for new technologies
7.1.15.	SSAB's low-emission steel use case example
7.1.16.	JFE Steel's low-emission steel use cases
7.1.17.	HBIS Group's hydrogen DRI project in China
7.1.18.	ArcelorMittal's freeze on green hydrogen DRI projects (1)
7.1.19.	ArcelorMittal's freeze on green hydrogen DRI projects (2)
7.1.20.	US green steel projects & uncertainty under Trump's administration
7.2.	Green steel in application sectors
7.2.1.	Steel prices - key trends since 2020
7.2.2.	Steel HRC prices in 2024-2025
7.2.3.	Steel market trends & effect on green steel
7.2.4.	Sustainable Steel Buyers Platform
7.2.5.	Automotive is the main application market for green steel
7.2.6.	Other sectors adopting green steel
7.2.7.	Steel is vital for the energy transition
7.2.8.	ESPR regulations in Europe & potential impacts on steel
7.2.9.	Green steel premiums in automotive
7.2.10.	Green steel premiums in construction
7.2.11.	Green steel premiums in other sectors
7.2.12.	Example of a green steel supply chain - Stegra
7.2.13.	Automotive off-takers for green steel & low-carbon steel (Europe)
7.2.14.	Automotive off-takers for green steel & low-carbon steel (USA & Asia)
7.2.15.	Tier 1 & 2 automotive off-takers for green steel & low-carbon steel (Europe)
7.2.16.	Off-takers in other application markets for green steel (equipment & machinery)
7.2.17.	Off-takers in other application markets for green steel (construction-related)
7.2.18.	Tech companies' interest in green steel
7.2.19.	Role of steel in data centers
7.3.	Regional trends in the steel market
7.3.1.	Regional overview & market dynamics (1)
7.3.2.	Regional overview & market dynamics (2)
7.3.3.	Expectations for evolution of steelmaking routes in different countries (1)
7.3.4.	Expectations for evolution of steelmaking in different countries (2)
8.	MARKET FORECASTS
8.1.	Global steel market forecasts
8.1.1.	Regional segmentation of forecasts for steel
8.1.2.	Forecasting methodology & assumptions
8.1.3.	Global steel production forecast by production route, 2025-2035
8.1.4.	Global steel production forecast by production route - discussion
8.1.5.	Global steel production forecast by region, 2025-2035
8.1.6.	Global steel production forecast by region - discussion
8.1.7.	Regional trends in production technologies (1)
8.1.8.	Regional trends in production technologies (2)
8.2.	Green steel market forecasts
8.2.1.	Low-carbon steel forecast by technology, 2025-2035
8.2.2.	Fossil fuel-based DRI-EAF steel forecast by region, 2025-2035
8.2.3.	Hydrogen-based green steel forecast by region, 2025-2035
8.2.4.	Hydrogen-based green steel forecast by region - discussion (1)
8.2.5.	Hydrogen-based green steel forecast by region - discussion (2)
8.2.6.	Levelized cost of hydrogen-based steel forecast, 2025-2050
8.2.7.	Total global cost of hydrogen-based steel production, 2025-2035
8.2.8.	Hydrogen demand forecast for green steel
8.2.9.	Carbon capture for steel forecast, 2024-2035
9.	COMPANY PROFILES

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