| 1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
| 1.1. | Introduction to conductive inks |
| 1.2. | Market evolution and new opportunities |
| 1.3. | Key growth markets for conductive inks |
| 1.4. | Balancing differentiation and ease of adoption (I) |
| 1.5. | Balancing differentiation and ease of adoption (II) |
| 1.6. | Capturing value from conductive ink facilitated digitization via collaboration |
| 1.7. | Reducing adoption barriers by supplying both printer and ink |
| 1.8. | Strategies for conductive ink cost reduction |
| 1.9. | Rising material prices expected to drive alternatives to flake-based inks |
| 1.10. | Segmenting the conductive ink market |
| 1.11. | Segmentation of conductive ink technologies |
| 1.12. | Readiness level of conductive inks |
| 1.13. | Overview of flake-based silver inks |
| 1.14. | Overview of nanoparticle-based silver inks |
| 1.15. | Overview of particle-free conductive inks |
| 1.16. | Overview of copper inks |
| 1.17. | Overview of carbon-based inks (incl. graphene & CNTs) |
| 1.18. | Overview of stretchable/thermoformable inks |
| 1.19. | Overview of silver nanowires |
| 1.20. | Overview of conductive polymer inks |
| 1.21. | Overview of applications for conductive inks |
| 1.22. | Technological and commercial readiness of conductive ink applications |
| 1.23. | Forecast: Overall conductive ink volume (segmented by ink type) |
| 1.24. | Forecast: Overall conductive ink revenue (segmented by ink type) |
| 2. | INTRODUCTION |
| 2.1. | Mapping conductivity requirements by application |
| 2.2. | Conductivity requirements by application |
| 2.3. | Challenges of comparing conductive inks |
| 2.4. | Converting conductivity to sheet resistance |
| 2.5. | Motivation for using printed electronics |
| 2.6. | Frequency dependent conductivity for antennas and EMI shielding |
| 2.7. | Conductive ink suppliers: Specialization vs broad portfolio |
| 2.8. | Conductive ink companies segmented by conductive material |
| 2.9. | Analysis of company segmentation by conductive material |
| 2.10. | Conductive ink companies segmented by ink composition |
| 2.11. | Analysis of company segmentation by ink composition |
| 3. | FORECASTS |
| 3.1. | Market forecasting methodology |
| 3.2. | Forecasting across conductive ink applications (I) |
| 3.3. | Information acquired for conductive ink forecasts |
| 3.4. | Overall conductive ink volume (segmented by ink type) |
| 3.5. | Overall conductive ink revenue (segmented by ink type) |
| 3.6. | Conductive inks for flexible hybrid electronics (FHE) |
| 3.7. | Conductive inks for in-mold electronics (IME) |
| 3.8. | Conductive inks for 3D electronics (partially additive) |
| 3.9. | Conductive inks for 3D electronics (fully additive) |
| 3.10. | Conductive inks for e-textiles |
| 3.11. | Conductive inks for circuit prototyping |
| 3.12. | Conductive inks for capacitive sensors |
| 3.13. | Conductive inks for pressure sensors |
| 3.14. | Conductive inks for biosensors |
| 3.15. | Conductive inks for strain sensors |
| 3.16. | Conductive inks for wearable electrodes |
| 3.17. | Conductive inks for photovoltaics (conventional/rigid) |
| 3.18. | Conductive inks for photovoltaics (flexible) |
| 3.19. | Conductive inks for printed heaters |
| 3.20. | Conductive inks for EMI shielding |
| 3.21. | Conductive inks for antennas (for communications) |
| 3.22. | Conductive inks for RFID and smart packaging |
| 4. | CONDUCTIVE INK TECHNOLOGY |
| 4.1. | Overview |
| 4.1.1. | Segmenting the conductive ink market |
| 4.1.2. | Segmenting the conductive ink market (incl. applications) |
| 4.1.3. | Segmentation of conductive ink technologies |
| 4.1.4. | Benchmarking conductive ink properties |
| 4.2. | Flake-based silver inks |
| 4.2.1. | Introduction to flake-based silver ink |
| 4.2.2. | Thinner flakes lead to increase in conductivity and durability |
| 4.2.3. | Silver flake producers |
| 4.2.4. | Flake-based silver ink value chain |
| 4.2.5. | High resolution functional screen printing |
| 4.2.6. | Silver electromigration |
| 4.2.7. | Comparing properties of flake-based silver inks |
| 4.2.8. | SWOT analysis: Flake-based silver inks |
| 4.2.9. | Flake-based silver inks: Conclusions |
| 4.3. | Nanoparticle-based silver inks |
| 4.3.1. | Introduction to nanoparticle-based silver ink |
| 4.3.2. | Key value propositions for silver nanoparticle inks |
| 4.3.3. | Cost on a "per ink" vs "per conductivity" basis |
| 4.3.4. | Microstructural homogeneity increases conductivity |
| 4.3.5. | Laser-Generated Inks |
| 4.3.6. | Additional benefits of nanoparticle inks |
| 4.3.7. | Price competitiveness of silver nanoparticles |
| 4.3.8. | Ag nanoparticle inks: Do they really cure fast and at lower temperatures? |
| 4.3.9. | Benchmarking parameters for silver nanoparticle production methods |
| 4.3.10. | Comparing silver nanoparticle production methods (I) |
| 4.3.11. | Comparing silver nanoparticle production methods (II) |
| 4.3.12. | Multiple application opportunities for nanoparticle inks |
| 4.3.13. | Overview of selected nanoparticle ink manufacturers |
| 4.3.14. | Comparing properties of nanoparticle-based silver inks |
| 4.3.15. | SWOT analysis: Nanoparticle inks |
| 4.3.16. | Nanoparticle-based silver inks: Conclusions |
| 4.4. | Particle-free inks |
| 4.4.1. | Introduction to particle-free (molecular) inks |
| 4.4.2. | Operating principle of particle-free inks |
| 4.4.3. | Conductivity close to bulk metals |
| 4.4.4. | Benefits of particle-free inks |
| 4.4.5. | Permeability of particle-free inks enables conductive textiles |
| 4.4.6. | Thermoformable particle-free inks for in-mold electronics |
| 4.4.7. | Application opportunities for particle free inks |
| 4.4.8. | Particle-free inks adopted for EMI shielding |
| 4.4.9. | Value propositions of particle-free inks |
| 4.4.10. | Particle-free conductive inks for different metals |
| 4.4.11. | Differentiating particle-free conductive inks with sintering requirements |
| 4.4.12. | Overview of particle free ink manufacturers |
| 4.4.13. | Comparing properties of particle-free silver inks |
| 4.4.14. | SWOT analysis: Particle-free conductive inks |
| 4.4.15. | Particle-free conductive inks: Conclusions |
| 4.5. | Copper inks |
| 4.5.1. | Introduction to copper inks |
| 4.5.2. | Challenges in developing copper inks |
| 4.5.3. | Differentiating particle-free conductive inks with sintering requirements |
| 4.5.4. | Commercially unsuccessful strategies to avoid copper oxidation |
| 4.5.5. | Strategies to avoid copper oxidation: Reducing agent additives |
| 4.5.6. | Strategies to avoid copper oxidation: Photonic sintering |
| 4.5.7. | Growing interest in utilizing copper ink for FHE (I) |
| 4.5.8. | Growing interest in utilizing copper ink for FHE (II) |
| 4.5.9. | Screen printing RFID copper inks |
| 4.5.10. | Collaborations utilizing copper inks |
| 4.5.11. | PrintCB: Two component copper ink based on micron-scale particles |
| 4.5.12. | A hybrid approach to making flexible circuits from copper ink |
| 4.5.13. | Copprint: Commercializing nano-particle based copper |
| 4.5.14. | Overview of early-stage copper ink companies |
| 4.5.15. | Comparing properties of selected copper inks |
| 4.5.16. | SWOT analysis: Copper-based inks |
| 4.5.17. | Copper inks: Conclusions |
| 4.6. | Carbon-based inks (including graphene & CNTs) |
| 4.6.1. | Introduction to carbon-based inks (incl. graphene & CNTs) |
| 4.6.2. | Carbon-based inks: Two distinct categories |
| 4.6.3. | CNTs as a transparent conductive ink |
| 4.6.4. | Material properties of transparent conductive materials |
| 4.6.5. | Graphene-based conductive inks |
| 4.6.6. | Overview of selected graphene/CNT ink manufacturers |
| 4.6.7. | Comparing properties of selected carbon inks |
| 4.6.8. | SWOT analysis: Carbon black conductive inks |
| 4.6.9. | SWOT analysis: Nanostructured carbon conductive inks |
| 4.6.10. | Carbon-based inks (incl. graphene & CNTs): Conclusions |
| 4.7. | Stretchable/Thermoformable Inks |
| 4.7.1. | Introduction to stretchable/thermoformable inks |
| 4.7.2. | Stretchable v Thermoformable conductive inks |
| 4.7.3. | The role of particle size in stretchable inks |
| 4.7.4. | TRL: Stretchable and thermoformable electronics |
| 4.7.5. | Innovations in stretchable conductive ink |
| 4.7.6. | Metal gel as a stretchable ink |
| 4.7.7. | Efforts to commercialize liquid metal inks continue |
| 4.7.8. | Comparing properties of stretchable/thermoformable conductive inks |
| 4.7.9. | Overview of stretchable/thermoformable ink manufacturers |
| 4.7.10. | SWOT analysis: Stretchable/thermoformable inks |
| 4.7.11. | Stretchable/Thermoformable inks: Conclusions |
| 4.8. | Silver Nanowires |
| 4.8.1. | Introduction to silver nanowires |
| 4.8.2. | Benefits of silver nanowire TCFs |
| 4.8.3. | Drawbacks of silver nanowire TCFs |
| 4.8.4. | Value chain for silver nanowires |
| 4.8.5. | Silver nanowire manufacturing: Polyol process |
| 4.8.6. | Important parameters for TCFs - Haze, transmission and sheet resistance |
| 4.8.7. | Silver nanowire TCFs - Haze, transmission and sheet resistance |
| 4.8.8. | Percolation threshold & Aspect ratio |
| 4.8.9. | Durability and flexibility of AgNW TCFs |
| 4.8.10. | Improving material properties: Gluing or "welding" |
| 4.8.11. | Improving material properties: Coating and encapsulation |
| 4.8.12. | Capacitive touch sensing for flexible displays |
| 4.8.13. | Silver nanowires gain traction in touchscreens |
| 4.8.14. | Silver nanowires for transparent heaters |
| 4.8.15. | Emerging applications for silver nanowires |
| 4.8.16. | TRL snapshot of silver nanowire technology |
| 4.8.17. | Global distribution of silver nanowire producers |
| 4.8.18. | SWOT analysis: Stretchable/thermoformable inks |
| 4.8.19. | Silver nanowires: Conclusions |
| 4.9. | Conductive polymers |
| 4.9.1. | Introduction to conductive polymers |
| 4.9.2. | Polythiophene-based conductive films for flexible devices |
| 4.9.3. | Applications for conductive polymers: transparent capacitive touch and e-textiles |
| 4.9.4. | Emerging sensitive sensor readout facilitates capacitive touch |
| 4.9.5. | Innovative n-type conductive polymer |
| 4.9.6. | Biobased conductive polymer inks |
| 4.9.7. | SWOT analysis: conductive polymer inks |
| 4.9.8. | Conductive polymer inks: Conclusions |
| 5. | APPLICATIONS FOR CONDUCTIVE INKS |
| 5.1. | Overview of applications for conductive inks |
| 5.2. | Benchmarking conductive ink requirements by application |
| 5.3. | Technological and commercial readiness of conductive ink applications |
| 5.4. | Applications for conductive inks: Included content |
| 6. | CONDUCTIVE INKS FOR CIRCUIT MANUFACTURING |
| 6.1. | Overview |
| 6.1.1. | Conductive ink for circuit manufacturing |
| 6.2. | Flexible hybrid electronics (FHE) |
| 6.2.1. | Introduction to flexible hybrid electronics (FHE) |
| 6.2.2. | What can be defined as FHE? |
| 6.2.3. | FHE overcome the flexibility/functionality compromise |
| 6.2.4. | FHE value chain: Many materials and technologies |
| 6.2.5. | Wearable skin patches |
| 6.2.6. | Condition monitoring multimodal sensor array |
| 6.2.7. | Multi-sensor wireless asset tracking system demonstrates FHE potential |
| 6.2.8. | Conductive ink requirements for flexible hybrid electronics (FHE) |
| 6.2.9. | SWOT analysis: Flexible hybrid electronics (FHE) |
| 6.2.10. | Conclusions: Flexible hybrid electronics (FHE) |
| 6.3. | In-mold electronics (IME) |
| 6.3.1. | Introduction to in-mold electronics (IME) |
| 6.3.2. | IME manufacturing process flow |
| 6.3.3. | Commercial advantages of IME |
| 6.3.4. | IME value chain overview |
| 6.3.5. | IME requires a wide range of specialist materials |
| 6.3.6. | Silver flake-based ink dominates IME |
| 6.3.7. | Conductive ink requirements for in-mold electronics (IME) |
| 6.3.8. | SWOT analysis: In-mold electronics (IME) |
| 6.3.9. | Conclusions: In-mold electronics (IME) |
| 6.4. | 3D electronics |
| 6.4.1. | Additive electronics and the transition to three dimensions |
| 6.4.2. | Introduction to 3D/additive electronics |
| 6.4.3. | Partially versus fully additive electronics |
| 6.4.4. | 3D electronics spans multiple length scales |
| 6.4.5. | Advantages of fully additively manufactured 3D electronics |
| 6.4.6. | Fully 3D printed electronics |
| 6.4.7. | Examples of fully 3D printed circuits |
| 6.4.8. | Structural dielectrics with matching thermal expansion coefficients |
| 6.4.9. | Conductive ink requirements for 3D electronics |
| 6.4.10. | SWOT analysis: 3D electronics |
| 6.4.11. | Conclusions: 3D electronics |
| 6.5. | E-textiles |
| 6.5.1. | Introduction to e-textiles |
| 6.5.2. | Industry challenges for e-textiles |
| 6.5.3. | Biometric monitoring in apparel |
| 6.5.4. | Sensing functionality woven into textiles |
| 6.5.5. | Conductive ink requirements for e-textiles |
| 6.5.6. | SWOT analysis: e-textiles |
| 6.5.7. | Conclusions: In-mold electronics (IME) |
| 6.6. | Circuit prototyping |
| 6.6.1. | PCB prototyping and 'print-then-plate' methodologies |
| 6.6.2. | Circuit prototyping and 3D electronics landscape |
| 6.6.3. | Conductive ink requirements for e-textiles |
| 6.6.4. | SWOT analysis: e-textiles |
| 6.6.5. | Conclusions: e-textiles |
| 7. | SENSING APPLICATIONS FOR CONDUCTIVE INKS |
| 7.1. | Overview |
| 7.1.1. | Sensing applications for conductive inks |
| 7.1.2. | Introduction to the printed and flexible sensor market |
| 7.1.3. | Multifunctional hybrid sensors are greater than the sum of their parts |
| 7.1.4. | Key markets for printed/flexible sensors |
| 7.2. | Capacitive sensing |
| 7.2.1. | Capacitive sensors: Working principle |
| 7.2.2. | Printed capacitive sensor technologies |
| 7.2.3. | Conductive inks for capacitive sensing directly applied to a 3D surface |
| 7.2.4. | Emerging current mode sensor readout: Principles |
| 7.2.5. | Readiness level of printed capacitive touch sensors materials and technologies |
| 7.2.6. | Conductive ink requirements for capacitive sensors |
| 7.2.7. | SWOT analysis: Capacitive sensors |
| 7.2.8. | Conclusions: Capacitive sensors |
| 7.3. | Pressure sensors |
| 7.3.1. | Introduction to printed piezoresistive sensors |
| 7.3.2. | Force sensitive inks |
| 7.3.3. | Manufacturing methods for printed piezoresistive sensors |
| 7.3.4. | Innovation in roll-to-roll manufacturing technology |
| 7.3.5. | Readiness level snapshot of printed piezoresistive sensors |
| 7.3.6. | Conductive ink requirements for pressure sensors |
| 7.3.7. | SWOT analysis: Piezoresistive sensors |
| 7.3.8. | SWOT analysis: Piezoelectric sensors |
| 7.3.9. | Conclusions: Capacitive sensors |
| 7.4. | Biosensors |
| 7.4.1. | Electrochemical biosensors present a simple sensing mechanism |
| 7.4.2. | Screen printing vs sputtering for biosensor electrode deposition |
| 7.4.3. | Challenges for printing electrochemical test strips |
| 7.4.4. | Printed pH sensors for biological fluids |
| 7.4.5. | Readiness level of printed biosensors |
| 7.4.6. | Conductive ink requirements for printed biosensors |
| 7.4.7. | SWOT analysis: Printed biosensors |
| 7.4.8. | Conclusions: Printed biosensors |
| 7.5. | Strain sensors |
| 7.5.1. | Strain sensors |
| 7.5.2. | Capacitive strain sensors using dielectric electroactive polymers (EAPs) |
| 7.5.3. | Resistive strain sensors |
| 7.5.4. | Emerging opportunities for strain sensors in motion capture for AR/VR |
| 7.5.5. | Technology readiness level snapshot of capacitive strain sensors |
| 7.5.6. | Conductive ink requirements for printed strain sensors |
| 7.5.7. | SWOT analysis: Printed strain sensors |
| 7.5.8. | Conclusions: Printed strain sensors |
| 7.6. | Wearable electrodes |
| 7.6.1. | Applications and product types |
| 7.6.2. | Key requirements of wearable electrodes |
| 7.6.3. | Wet vs dry electrodes |
| 7.6.4. | Skin patches use both wet and dry electrodes depending on the use-case |
| 7.6.5. | E-textiles integrate dry electrodes and conductive inks |
| 7.6.6. | Stretchable conductive printed electrodes |
| 7.6.7. | Technology readiness level snapshot of printed wearable electrodes |
| 7.6.8. | Conductive ink requirements for printed wearable electrodes |
| 7.6.9. | SWOT analysis: Printed wearable electrodes |
| 7.6.10. | Conclusions: Printed wearable electrodes |
| 8. | OTHER APPLICATIONS FOR CONDUCTIVE INKS |
| 8.1. | Overview |
| 8.1.1. | Overview of applications for conductive inks |
| 8.2. | Charge extraction from photovoltaics |
| 8.2.1. | Introduction to conductive pastes for photovoltaics |
| 8.2.2. | Conductive ink is major cost contributor for PVs |
| 8.2.3. | Transitioning from PERC to TOPCon and SHJ |
| 8.2.4. | Reducing silver content per wafer via ink innovations |
| 8.2.5. | Flake-based conductive inks face headwind from alternative solar cell connection technology |
| 8.2.6. | Photovoltaic market dynamics |
| 8.2.7. | Conductive ink requirements for photovoltaics |
| 8.2.8. | SWOT analysis: Photovoltaics |
| 8.2.9. | Conclusions: Photovoltaics |
| 8.3. | Heaters |
| 8.3.1. | Introduction to printed heaters |
| 8.3.2. | Automotive applications for printed heaters |
| 8.3.3. | Emerging building-integrated opportunities for printed (and flexible) heaters |
| 8.3.4. | Stretchable conductive inks for wearable heaters |
| 8.3.5. | Technology comparison for e-textile heating technologies |
| 8.3.6. | Heated clothing is the dominant e-textile sector |
| 8.3.7. | Conductive ink requirements for printed heaters |
| 8.3.8. | SWOT analysis: Printed heaters |
| 8.3.9. | Conclusions: Printed heaters |
| 8.4. | EMI Shielding |
| 8.4.1. | Introduction to electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding |
| 8.4.2. | Transition from board to package level shielding |
| 8.4.3. | Process flow for EMI shielding |
| 8.4.4. | Spraying EMI shielding is a cost-effective solution |
| 8.4.5. | Overview of conformal shielding technologies |
| 8.4.6. | Particle size and morphology influence EMI shielding |
| 8.4.7. | Hybrid inks improve shielding performance |
| 8.4.8. | Suppliers targeting ink-based conformal EMI shielding |
| 8.4.9. | EMI shielding with particle-free Ag ink |
| 8.4.10. | EMI shielding and heterogeneous integration |
| 8.4.11. | Conductive ink requirements for EMI shielding |
| 8.4.12. | SWOT analysis: EMI shielding |
| 8.4.13. | Conclusions: EMI shielding |
| 8.5. | Printed Antennas |
| 8.5.1. | Segmenting printed antennas |
| 8.5.2. | Electronics on 3D surfaces with extruded conductive paste and inkjet printing |
| 8.5.3. | Extruded conductive paste for antennas |
| 8.5.4. | Addressable markets for transparent antennas |
| 8.5.5. | Automotive transparent antennas |
| 8.5.6. | Building integrated transparent antennas |
| 8.5.7. | Transparent antennas for consumer electronic devices |
| 8.5.8. | Transparent antennas for smart packaging |
| 8.5.9. | Conductive ink requirements for printed antennas |
| 8.5.10. | SWOT analysis: Printed antennas |
| 8.5.11. | Conclusions: Printed antennas |
| 8.6. | RFID & smart packaging |
| 8.6.1. | Introduction to RFID and smart packaging |
| 8.6.2. | RFID technologies: The big picture |
| 8.6.3. | Printed RFID antennas struggle for traction: Is copper ink a solution? |
| 8.6.4. | Smart packaging with flexible hybrid electronics |
| 8.6.5. | 'Sensor-less' sensing of temperature and movement |
| 8.6.6. | Conductive ink requirements for RFID and smart packaging |
| 8.6.7. | SWOT analysis: RFID and smart packaging |
| 8.6.8. | Conclusions: RFID and smart packaging |
| 9. | COMPANY PROFILES |
| 9.1. | ACI Materials |
| 9.2. | Advanced Nano Products (ANP) |
| 9.3. | Agfa-Gevaert NV |
| 9.4. | Bando Chemical |
| 9.5. | C3 Nano |
| 9.6. | Cambrios Film Solutions Corp |
| 9.7. | ChemCubed |
| 9.7.1. | ChemCubed |
| 9.8. | Copprint |
| 9.8.1. | Copprint |
| 9.9. | DuPont (Wearable Technology) |
| 9.10. | Dycotec |
| 9.11. | E2IP |
| 9.11.1. | E2IP |
| 9.12. | Elantas |
| 9.12.1. | Elantas |
| 9.13. | Electroninks |
| 9.14. | GenesInk |
| 9.15. | Henkel (Printed Electronics) |
| 9.15.1. | Henkel (Printed Electronics) |
| 9.16. | Heraeus — Conductive Inks |
| 9.17. | Inkron |
| 9.18. | InkTec Co., Ltd |
| 9.19. | Liquid Wire |
| 9.19.1. | Liquid Wire |
| 9.20. | Liquid X — Functional Electronics Fabrication |
| 9.20.1. | Liquid X |
| 9.21. | Mateprincs |
| 9.22. | N-Ink |
| 9.23. | Nano Dimension |
| 9.23.1. | Nano Dimension |
| 9.23.2. | Nano Dimension |
| 9.23.3. | Nano Dimension |
| 9.24. | NanoCnet |
| 9.25. | Nanorbital Advanced Materials |
| 9.26. | NovaCentrix |
| 9.27. | OrelTech |
| 9.27.1. | OrelTech |
| 9.28. | PrintCB |
| 9.28.1. | PrintCB / Kundisch |
| 9.28.2. | PrintCB |
| 9.29. | Promethean Particles |
| 9.30. | PV Nano Cell |
| 9.31. | Saralon |
| 9.31.1. | Saralon |
| 9.32. | Sun Chemical |
| 9.33. | UT Dots Inc |
| 9.34. | XTPL |
| 9.35. | ZeroValent Nanometals |