| 1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
| 1.1. | Why CO₂ utilization? |
| 1.2. | Some CO2U applications have already proven profitable |
| 1.3. | CO₂ utilization pathways |
| 1.4. | Key Considerations for CO₂U Market Growth |
| 1.5. | Current scale for CO₂U products |
| 1.6. | Emerging carbon dioxide utilization: Key companies |
| 1.7. | CO₂-Enhanced oil recovery market |
| 1.8. | World's large-scale CO2 capture with CO2-EOR facilities |
| 1.9. | CO₂ as a key raw material for synthetic fuels |
| 1.10. | Early leaders for CO2-derived fuels use waste "grey" hydrogen |
| 1.11. | What is an e-fuel? |
| 1.12. | Scale of e-fuels as of 2026 |
| 1.13. | Project developers in e-fuels by end-product |
| 1.14. | Introduction to CO₂U polycarbonates |
| 1.15. | Commercialized CO₂-derived polymers and polyols partially utilize CO₂ |
| 1.16. | CO₂-derived polymers: Summary |
| 1.17. | Biological conversion of CO₂ to chemicals landscape: Players and production capacities |
| 1.18. | CO₂-Derived Concrete has High Growth Potential |
| 1.19. | Business case for CO₂-derived concrete |
| 1.20. | What is the Climate Impact of CO₂ Utilization? |
| 1.21. | Analyst insight: CO₂U profitability and value proposition |
| 1.22. | The evolution of the CO₂U market |
| 1.23. | CO2 utilization forecast by category (million metric tonnes of CO₂ per year), 2023-2036 |
| 1.24. | Access More With an IDTechEx Subscription |
| 2. | INTRODUCTION |
| 2.1. | Why CO₂ utilization? |
| 2.2. | What is CO₂ utilization? |
| 2.3. | Mature vs emerging carbon dioxide utilization market sizes |
| 2.4. | Why CO₂ utilization should not be overlooked |
| 2.5. | How much does CO₂U cost? |
| 2.6. | CO₂ utilization pathways |
| 2.7. | Some CO₂U applications have already proven profitable |
| 2.8. | Carbon pricing and carbon markets |
| 2.9. | Compliance carbon pricing mechanisms across the globe |
| 2.10. | Alternative to carbon pricing in the US: 45Q tax credits |
| 2.11. | Policy support for carbon dioxide utilization |
| 2.12. | What is the Climate Impact of CO₂ Utilization? |
| 2.13. | Is the origin of CO₂ important? |
| 2.14. | What is needed to realize the potential of CO₂ utilization? |
| 2.15. | Key Considerations for CO₂U Market Growth |
| 2.16. | CO₂U market potential |
| 2.17. | Impact of flue gas impurities in CO₂U |
| 2.18. | The role of voluntary carbon credits in supporting CO₂ utilization |
| 2.19. | CO₂U Products: Utilization ratio and selling price |
| 2.20. | Carbon utilization business models |
| 2.21. | Current scale for CO₂U products |
| 3. | DIRECT CO₂ INJECTION |
| 3.1. | CO₂ enhanced oil recovery |
| 3.1.1. | What is CO₂-EOR? |
| 3.1.2. | What happens to the injected CO₂? |
| 3.1.3. | Types of CO₂-EOR designs |
| 3.1.4. | CO₂-Enhanced oil recovery market |
| 3.1.5. | CO₂-EOR in the US |
| 3.1.6. | World's large-scale CO₂ capture with CO₂-EOR facilities |
| 3.1.7. | Worldwide CO₂-EOR Potential |
| 3.1.8. | CO₂-EOR in China |
| 3.1.9. | The economics of promoting CO₂ storage through CO₂-EOR |
| 3.1.10. | Climate considerations in CO₂-EOR |
| 3.1.11. | CO₂-EOR: Progressive or "Greenwashing" |
| 3.1.12. | Future advancements in CO₂-EOR |
| 3.1.13. | Key takeaways: Market |
| 3.1.14. | Key takeaways: Environmental |
| 3.1.15. | Enhanced gas recovery |
| 3.2. | CO₂ utilization in greenhouses |
| 3.2.1. | CO₂ enrichment in greenhouses |
| 3.2.2. | CO₂ enrichment in greenhouses: Pros and cons |
| 3.2.3. | Emerging technologies for CO₂ utilization in greenhouses |
| 3.2.4. | CO₂ enrichment in greenhouses: Market potential |
| 3.3. | CO₂ utilization in energy storage |
| 3.3.1. | CO₂ Battery: Carbon dioxide utilization for energy storage |
| 4. | CO₂-DERIVED FUELS (E-FUELS) |
| 4.1. | Overview |
| 4.1.1. | CO₂ as a key raw material for synthetic fuels |
| 4.1.2. | Early leaders for CO₂-derived fuels use waste "grey" hydrogen |
| 4.1.3. | What is an e-fuel? |
| 4.1.4. | Why do we need e-fuels? |
| 4.1.5. | Comparison of e-fuels to fossil and biofuels |
| 4.1.6. | Overview of energy & carbon flows in e-fuel production |
| 4.1.7. | E-fuel production efficiencies |
| 4.1.8. | Energy efficiency challenges surrounding e-fuels |
| 4.1.9. | e-Fuels must be used in specific contexts |
| 4.1.10. | SWOT analysis for e-fuels |
| 4.1.11. | e-Fuel specific mandates |
| 4.1.12. | Challenges and opportunities for e-fuels |
| 4.1.13. | Role of green hydrogen in e-fuel production |
| 4.1.14. | Electrolyzer cells, stacks and balance of plant (BOP) |
| 4.1.15. | Overview of electrolyzer technologies |
| 4.1.16. | Comparison of electrolyzer performance characteristics |
| 4.1.17. | Overview of leading electrolyzer OEMs globally |
| 4.1.18. | Pros & cons of the four main electrolyzer technologies |
| 4.1.19. | The source of captured CO₂ matters |
| 4.1.20. | CO2 source for e-fuel production under the EU's Renewable Energy Directive |
| 4.1.21. | Most e-fuel projects source biogenic CO₂ |
| 4.1.22. | Which carbon capture technologies are most mature? |
| 4.1.23. | Point-source carbon capture technology providers |
| 4.1.24. | e-Fuel production costs vary by region |
| 4.1.25. | Scale of e-fuels as of 2026 |
| 4.1.26. | Technology & process developers in e-fuels by end-product |
| 4.1.27. | Project developers in e-fuels by end-product |
| 4.2. | Syngas production |
| 4.2.1. | Reverse water gas shift converts CO₂ into syngas |
| 4.2.2. | Catalysts for reverse water gas shift |
| 4.2.3. | RWGS catalyst innovation case study |
| 4.2.4. | Reactors for reverse water gas shift |
| 4.2.5. | RWGS reactor innovation case study |
| 4.2.6. | CO₂-to-syngas players: RWGS and alternatives |
| 4.2.7. | Solid oxide electrolyzer (SOEC) co-electrolysis |
| 4.2.8. | Comparison of RWGS & SOEC co-electrolysis routes |
| 4.2.9. | Alternative CO₂ reduction technologies considerations |
| 4.2.10. | Low temperature electrolysis of CO₂ |
| 4.2.11. | Range of products from low-temperature electrolysis of CO₂ |
| 4.2.12. | Case study: eChemicles |
| 4.2.13. | Direct methanol synthesis from H̀O & CO₂ |
| 4.2.14. | CO₂ electrolyzer design |
| 4.2.15. | Ion exchange membranes in CO₂ electrolyzers for utilization |
| 4.2.16. | Polymer-membrane-based CO₂ electrolyzers overview |
| 4.2.17. | Techno-economics of CO₂ electrolysis |
| 4.2.18. | Chemical looping: CO₂ to CO |
| 4.2.19. | Dry methane reforming (DMR) |
| 4.2.20. | Key industrial technologies of DMR |
| 4.2.21. | Photocatalysis: CO₂ and CH₄ to syngas |
| 4.2.22. | Plasma conversion: CO₂ to CO |
| 4.2.23. | Status of plasma conversion CO₂U companies |
| 4.2.24. | Innovations to improve conversion rates of plasma reactors |
| 4.2.25. | Methane pyrolysis and CO₂ utilization |
| 4.2.26. | Scale and maturity of CO₂ to syngas technologies |
| 4.3. | CO₂U methane production |
| 4.3.1. | Methane classifications & power-to-gas (P2G) |
| 4.3.2. | Methanation overview |
| 4.3.3. | Thermocatalytic vs biocatalytic methanation |
| 4.3.4. | Operational e-methane projects |
| 4.3.5. | Thermocatalytic methanation technology providers |
| 4.3.6. | Comparison of thermocatalytic methanation reactors |
| 4.3.7. | Process flow diagrams: Thermocatalytic methanation technologies |
| 4.3.8. | Biological methanation technology providers |
| 4.3.9. | Ex-situ vs in-situ biological methanation |
| 4.3.10. | e-Methane production in Europe |
| 4.3.11. | Recent advances in biological e-methane technologies |
| 4.3.12. | Economics of e-methane production |
| 4.3.13. | SWOT for methanation technology |
| 4.3.14. | Power-to-methane projects worldwide - current and announced |
| 4.3.15. | e-Methane production in 2026 |
| 4.4. | CO₂U methanol production |
| 4.4.1. | Overview of methanol production & colors |
| 4.4.2. | Operational CO₂-derived methanol projects |
| 4.4.3. | e-Methanol production |
| 4.4.4. | Topsoe's CO₂-to-methanol catalysts |
| 4.4.5. | Clariant's CO₂-to-methanol catalysts |
| 4.4.6. | Tube cooled reactors for CO₂-to-methanol |
| 4.4.7. | Toyo Engineering's small-scale methanol reactor |
| 4.4.8. | Key players in methanol synthesis |
| 4.4.9. | Key players in methanol synthesis |
| 4.4.10. | CO₂-derived methanol: Air Liquide's portfolio |
| 4.4.11. | Start-ups with novel methanol synthesis concepts |
| 4.4.12. | Start-ups with novel methanol synthesis concepts |
| 4.4.13. | Project developers and technology/process developers in e-methanol |
| 4.4.14. | e-Methanol production in 2026 |
| 4.4.15. | Current state of the methanol market |
| 4.4.16. | Current state of the methanol market by region |
| 4.4.17. | Future methanol applications |
| 4.4.18. | Main growth drivers for low-carbon methanol |
| 4.4.19. | Methanol is a leading low-carbon shipping fuel |
| 4.4.20. | Production costs for green methanol routes |
| 4.4.21. | Maximum selling prices for renewable methanol in the EU |
| 4.4.22. | e-Methanol project developers - company landscape |
| 4.4.23. | Low carbon methanol market by region: Europe and China |
| 4.5. | CO₂U kerosene, SAF, gasoline, diesel, and waxes production |
| 4.5.1. | Overview of pathways to liquid hydrocarbon e-fuels |
| 4.5.2. | Fischer-Tropsch vs Methanol-to-jet for e-SAF |
| 4.5.3. | Fischer-Tropsch vs Methanol-to-jet pathway economics |
| 4.5.4. | Overview of incumbent FT catalysts |
| 4.5.5. | Overview of FT reactor designs |
| 4.5.6. | Overview of FT reactors |
| 4.5.7. | FT reactor design comparison |
| 4.5.8. | FT reactor innovation - microchannel reactors |
| 4.5.9. | FT reactor innovation - microstructured reactor |
| 4.5.10. | Fischer Tropsch catalysts for e-fuels |
| 4.5.11. | Emerging - electrochemical Fischer-Tropsch |
| 4.5.12. | Methanol-to-gasoline (MTG) process overview |
| 4.5.13. | Conventional fixed bed MTG process |
| 4.5.14. | New fluidized bed MTG process |
| 4.5.15. | MTG vs MTJ process comparison |
| 4.5.16. | Alcohol-to-jet (ATJ) technology providers |
| 4.5.17. | Alcohol-to-jet (ATJ) technology providers |
| 4.5.18. | Large industrial-scale e-fuel plant concepts |
| 4.5.19. | MTG e-fuel plant case study |
| 4.5.20. | Modular e-fuel plant concepts |
| 4.5.21. | e-SAF project case study - ERA ONE |
| 4.5.22. | RWGS-FT e-fuel plant case study |
| 4.5.23. | Conversion of existing gas-to-liquid (GTL) facilities to e-fuels |
| 4.5.24. | Products slate from Fischer Tropsch for e-SAF |
| 4.5.25. | Large-scale e-fuel projects: Operational and under construction |
| 4.5.26. | Key suppliers for large-scale e-fuel plants |
| 4.5.27. | e-Kerosene, e-gasoline, e-diesel, and e-waxes production in 2026 |
| 4.5.28. | Government targets & mandates for SAF - focus on EU & UK |
| 4.5.29. | CORSIA: Decarbonizing global aviation |
| 4.5.30. | Bio-SAF vs e-SAF - the two main pathways to SAF |
| 4.5.31. | SAF prices - a key issue holding back adoption |
| 4.5.32. | Green hydrogen is the main contributor to e-SAF production costs |
| 4.5.33. | Key takeaways and outlook on SAF |
| 5. | CO₂-DERIVED CHEMICALS |
| 5.1. | Introduction |
| 5.1.1. | The chemical industry's decarbonization challenge |
| 5.1.2. | CO2-derived chemicals chapter for IDTechEx's CO₂U report |
| 5.1.3. | CO2 can be converted into a giant range of chemicals |
| 5.1.4. | The basics: Types of CO₂ utilization reactions |
| 5.1.5. | Business case for CO₂-derived chemicals |
| 5.2. | CO₂-derived polymers |
| 5.2.1. | Major pathways to convert CO₂ into polymers |
| 5.2.2. | Introduction to CO₂U polycarbonates |
| 5.2.3. | Aromatic polycarbonate |
| 5.2.4. | Commercialized CO₂-derived polymers and polyols partially utilize CO₂ |
| 5.2.5. | Polypropylene carbonate (PPC) |
| 5.2.6. | Polycarbonate polyols (polyurethane precursor) |
| 5.2.7. | Non-isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) |
| 5.2.8. | Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) |
| 5.2.9. | Polyethylene and polypropylene (1/2) |
| 5.2.10. | Polyethylene and polypropylene (2/2) |
| 5.2.11. | Other CO₂-derived polymers (PET and PLGA) |
| 5.2.12. | CO₂-derived polymers: Summary |
| 5.2.13. | Catalysts for CO₂-derived polymers |
| 5.2.14. | Introduction to surfactants |
| 5.2.15. | Development of CO₂-derived surfactants |
| 5.2.16. | Other thermochemical routes to CO₂-derived chemicals |
| 5.3. | CO₂-derived chemicals: Microbial conversion pathways |
| 5.3.1. | CO₂ microbial conversion to produce chemicals |
| 5.3.2. | Tools and techniques of synthetic biology |
| 5.3.3. | CO₂-consuming microorganisms |
| 5.3.4. | Introduction to CRISPR-Cas9 |
| 5.3.5. | CRISPR-Cas9: A bacterial immune system |
| 5.3.6. | Gene-editing considerations for acetogens |
| 5.3.7. | LanzaTech |
| 5.3.8. | Key challenges in chemosynthesis |
| 5.3.9. | Key players in chemosynthetic biological conversion for CO₂ utilization |
| 5.3.10. | Biological conversion of CO₂ to chemicals landscape: Players and production capacities |
| 5.3.11. | Scaling bioreactors - specific technical challenges |
| 5.3.12. | Introduction to cell-free systems |
| 5.3.13. | Cell-free versus cell-based systems |
| 5.3.14. | Biological conversion pathways to CO₂-derived chemicals studied in academia |
| 5.3.15. | Enzyme Immobilization on Electrodes for CO₂U |
| 5.4. | CO₂ utilization in microbial conversion: Food and feed production |
| 5.4.1. | Food and feed from CO₂ |
| 5.4.2. | Leading players in food and feed from CO₂ |
| 5.4.3. | "Investment challenges" - CO₂ food company shutdowns in 2025 |
| 5.5. | CO₂ utilization in algae cultivation |
| 5.5.1. | CO₂-enhanced algae or cyanobacteria cultivation |
| 5.5.2. | Players and production capacities for CO₂U algae cultivation |
| 5.5.3. | Algae has multiple market applications |
| 5.5.4. | Key growth criteria in microalgae cultivation |
| 5.5.5. | Open vessels for microalgae cultivation |
| 5.5.6. | Closed vessels for microalgae cultivation |
| 5.5.7. | Open vs closed algae cultivation systems |
| 5.5.8. | Microalgae cultivation system suppliers: Photobioreactors (PBRs) & ponds |
| 5.5.9. | Algal biofuel development has faced historical challenges |
| 5.5.10. | Algal biofuel companies shifted focus or went bust |
| 5.6. | CO₂-derived pure carbon products |
| 5.6.1. | Overview of CO₂-derived carbon players and production scale |
| 5.6.2. | Production processes for nanocarbons made from CO₂ |
| 6. | CO₂-DERIVED CONCRETE |
| 6.1. | Introduction |
| 6.1.1. | CO₂-Derived Concrete has High Growth Potential |
| 6.1.2. | The Basic Chemistry: CO₂ Mineralization |
| 6.1.3. | CO₂ use in the cement and concrete supply chain |
| 6.1.4. | Biggest barriers to CO₂U concrete |
| 6.1.5. | Construction standards can delay adoption of new materials |
| 6.1.6. | Business case for CO₂-derived concrete |
| 6.1.7. | Cement reduction and direct sequestration carbon footprint components |
| 6.1.8. | Covering the green premium: Carbon credits |
| 6.1.9. | Covering the green premium: Book and claim/environmental attribute certificates |
| 6.2. | CO₂ utilization in concrete curing or mixing |
| 6.2.1. | CO₂ utilization in concrete curing or mixing |
| 6.2.2. | Accelerated carbonation mechanism |
| 6.2.3. | CO₂ utilization in concrete curing or mixing - production capacities |
| 6.2.4. | Technologies for CO₂U during concrete mixing |
| 6.2.5. | Technologies for CO₂U precast concrete |
| 6.2.6. | Business model considerations: CO₂U precast and readymixed concrete |
| 6.3. | CO₂ utilization in carbonates (aggregates and additives) |
| 6.3.1. | CO₂ utilization in carbonates (aggregates and additives) |
| 6.3.2. | CO₂ utilization in carbonates - production capacities |
| 6.3.3. | Ex-situ mineralization reactions |
| 6.3.4. | Optimal conditions for accelerated carbonation |
| 6.3.5. | Case study: Greenore |
| 6.3.6. | Case study: O.C.O Technology |
| 6.3.7. | Ex-situ mineralization reactor types |
| 7. | CO₂ UTILIZATION MARKET FORECAST |
| 7.1. | Forecast methodology |
| 7.1.1. | Carbon dioxide utilization forecasting |
| 7.1.2. | Changes since the IDTechEx Carbon Dioxide Utilization 2025-2045 report |
| 7.2. | CO₂ utilization overall market forecast |
| 7.2.1. | CO₂ utilization forecast by category (million metric tonnes of CO₂ per year), 2023-2036 |
| 7.2.2. | CO₂ utilization forecast by product (million metric tonnes of CO₂ per year), 2023-2036 |
| 7.2.3. | Carbon utilization annual revenue forecast by category (billion US$), 2023-2036 |
| 7.2.4. | Carbon utilization annual revenue forecast by product (billion US$), 2023-2036 |
| 7.2.5. | CO₂ utilization market, forecast discussion |
| 7.2.6. | The evolution of the CO₂U market |
| 7.3. | CO₂-enhanced oil recovery forecast |
| 7.3.1. | CO₂-EOR: Forecast assumptions and methodology |
| 7.3.2. | CO₂ utilization forecast in enhanced oil recovery (million metric tonnes of CO₂ per year), 2023-2036 |
| 7.3.3. | Annual revenue forecast for CO₂-enhanced oil recovery (billion US$), 2023-2036 |
| 7.3.4. | Captured CO₂ use in EOR, forecast discussion |
| 7.4. | CO₂-derived fuels forecast |
| 7.4.1. | CO₂-derived fuels: Forecast assumptions and methodology |
| 7.4.2. | CO₂ utilization forecast in fuels by fuel type (million metric tonnes of CO₂ per year), 2023-2036 |
| 7.4.3. | CO₂-derived fuels volume forecast by fuel type (million metric tonnes of fuel per year), 2023-2036 |
| 7.4.4. | Annual revenue forecast for CO₂-derived fuels by fuel type (billion US$), 2023-2036 |
| 7.4.5. | CO₂-derived methanol, forecast discussion |
| 7.4.6. | CO₂-derived kerosene, CO₂-derived diesel, and CO₂-derived methane, forecast discussion |
| 7.5. | CO₂-derived chemicals forecast |
| 7.5.1. | CO₂-derived chemicals: Forecast assumptions and methodology |
| 7.5.2. | CO₂ utilization forecast in chemicals by end-use (million metric tonnes of CO₂ per year), 2023-2036 |
| 7.5.3. | CO₂-derived chemicals volume forecast by end-use (million metric tonnes product per year), 2023-2036 |
| 7.5.4. | Annual revenue forecast for CO₂-derived chemicals by end-use (billion US$), 2023-2036 |
| 7.5.5. | CO₂-derived chemicals, forecast discussion |
| 7.6. | CO₂-derived concrete |
| 7.6.1. | CO₂ utilization forecast in concrete by product (million metric tonnes of CO₂ per year), 2023-2036 |
| 7.6.2. | CO₂-derived concrete volume forecast by product (million metric tonnes of concrete per year), 2023-2036 |
| 7.6.3. | Annual revenue forecast for CO₂-derived concrete by product (billion US$), 2023-2036 |
| 7.6.4. | CO₂-derived concrete, forecast discussion |
| 8. | COMPANY PROFILES |
| 8.1. | Air Liquide: Methanol solutions |
| 8.2. | Airovation Technologies |
| 8.3. | CarbonBridge |
| 8.4. | Clairity Tech |
| 8.5. | Concrete4Change |
| 8.6. | CyanoCapture |
| 8.7. | Dimensional Energy |
| 8.8. | eChemicles |
| 8.9. | ExxonMobil: Methanol-to-Gasoline (MTG) |
| 8.10. | Fortum: INGA Plastic |
| 8.11. | GIG Karasek: ECO2CELL |
| 8.12. | HIF Global (Highly Innovative Fuels) |
| 8.13. | HYCO1 |
| 8.14. | IHI Corporation: Methanation System |
| 8.15. | INERATEC |
| 8.16. | Infinium |
| 8.17. | LanzaJet |
| 8.18. | OXCCU |
| 8.19. | Paebbl |
| 8.20. | Q Power |
| 8.21. | Remediiate |
| 8.22. | Sekisui Chemical: Chemical Looping for CO₂ Utilization |
| 8.23. | Skytree |
| 8.24. | Syklea |
| 8.25. | Syzygy Plasmonics |
| 8.26. | TES (Tree Energy Solutions): e-NG |
| 8.27. | Unilever: Flue2Chem |
| 8.28. | Velocys |