1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
1.1. | Report overview |
1.2. | The problem with agriculture |
1.3. | Is vertical farming the answer? |
1.4. | Components of a vertical farm |
1.5. | Vertical farming vs other production methods |
1.6. | The argument against vertical farming |
1.7. | The argument for vertical farming |
1.8. | Investments in vertical farming |
1.9. | What crops do vertical farms grow? |
1.10. | Vertically farmed produce has a cost premium |
1.11. | Production and running costs (OPEX) of a vertical farm |
1.12. | Consumer perceptions with geography |
1.13. | The vertical farming value chain |
1.14. | The three main business models in vertical farming |
1.15. | Vertically farmed produce: global forecast |
1.16. | Vertically farmed produce forecast: North America |
1.17. | Vertically farmed produce forecast: Europe |
1.18. | Vertically farmed produce forecast: Japan |
1.19. | Vertically farmed produce forecast: China |
2. | INTRODUCTION |
2.1. | What is vertical farming? |
2.1.1. | The problem with agriculture |
2.1.2. | Is vertical farming the answer? |
2.1.3. | How does vertical farming work? |
2.1.4. | The case for vertical farming |
2.1.5. | Drivers of vertical farming |
2.1.6. | Challenges in vertical farming |
2.1.7. | What crops can vertical farming grow? |
2.1.8. | Vertical farming vs other production methods |
2.1.9. | The definition of a vertical farm for this report |
2.2. | Components of a vertical farm |
2.2.1. | 1.) Structures |
2.2.2. | 2.) Growing systems |
2.2.3. | 3.) Lighting |
2.2.4. | 4.) Nutrient supply: Hydroponics |
2.2.5. | 4.) Nutrient supply: Aeroponics |
2.2.6. | 4.) Nutrient supply: Aquaponics |
2.2.7. | 5.) Air conditioning |
2.2.8. | 6.) CO2 supply unit |
2.2.9. | 7.) Environmental control units |
3. | TECHNOLOGIES IN VERTICAL FARMING |
3.1. | Growing techniques |
3.1.1. | Hydroponics vs aeroponics |
3.1.2. | Aeroponics technologies |
3.1.3. | AeroFarms |
3.1.4. | How does AeroFarms' system work? |
3.1.5. | LettUs Grow |
3.1.6. | The trouble with aquaponics |
3.1.7. | Reasons why aquaponics is often unprofitable |
3.1.8. | Seed & Roe |
3.1.9. | Vertical growth walls and towers |
3.1.10. | Are vertical growth towers more efficient? |
3.1.11. | Plenty |
3.2. | LEDs and lighting |
3.2.1. | LEDs and photosynthesis |
3.2.2. | Photosynthesis and yield |
3.2.3. | Maximising photosynthesis |
3.2.4. | Light "recipes" for indoor crop growth |
3.2.5. | Light recipe has a major impact on the crop |
3.2.6. | Choosing the right LEDs for a vertical farm |
3.2.7. | Choosing LED grow lights for vertical farming |
3.2.8. | Signify |
3.2.9. | Signify GreenPower production module specifications |
3.2.10. | LumiGrow |
3.2.11. | Heliospectra |
3.2.12. | Heliospectra's product families |
3.2.13. | Improving LED technology and vertical farming |
3.2.14. | Sherpa Space |
3.3. | Controlling the environment |
3.3.1. | Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) |
3.3.2. | Factors in HVAC systems |
3.3.3. | The importance of sensors and data |
3.3.4. | Where can sensors be used in a vertical farm? |
3.3.5. | CO2 sensors are essential for vertical farms |
3.3.6. | The importance of light sensors |
3.3.7. | Light sensors - complete spectrum vs. multispectral |
3.3.8. | Smart sensor companies in horticulture |
3.3.9. | Aranet |
3.3.10. | IDTechEx reports on sensors |
3.4. | Automation in vertical farming |
3.4.1. | Automation is not yet widespread in vertical farming |
3.4.2. | Technology adoption in vertical farming |
3.4.3. | Automation: environmental control |
3.4.4. | Autogrow |
3.4.5. | Priva |
3.4.6. | Automation: nutrient control |
3.4.7. | Imagination Garden |
3.4.8. | Automation: light recipes |
3.4.9. | Bowery Farming |
3.4.10. | Taking automation beyond level 2 |
3.4.11. | Logiqs |
3.4.12. | Is automation worth it? |
3.4.13. | Intelligent Growth Solutions |
3.4.14. | SananBio US |
3.4.15. | What could automation provide? |
3.4.16. | Automation and robotics in conventional agriculture |
3.4.17. | Vertical farming facilities: better to go big or small? |
3.4.18. | Jones Food Company |
3.5. | Pests and diseases |
3.5.1. | Pest management |
3.5.2. | Common diseases in vertical farming |
3.6. | Container farming |
3.6.1. | Freight Farms |
3.6.2. | Advantages of container farming |
3.6.3. | Disadvantages of container farming |
3.6.4. | Vertical Crop Consultants |
3.6.5. | Is container farming a good idea? |
3.6.6. | A comparison of container farms |
3.6.7. | Cubic Farm Systems Corp. |
3.6.8. | Urban Crop Solutions |
4. | CHALLENGES IN VERTICAL FARMING |
4.1. | The risks of vertical farming |
4.2. | Vertical farming: ambitious expectations |
4.3. | PodPonics |
4.4. | FarmedHere |
4.5. | The argument against vertical farming |
4.6. | The argument for vertical farming |
4.7. | Vertical farming's struggle with profitability |
4.8. | Vertical farming's high start-up costs |
4.9. | Can vertical farming save cropland? |
4.10. | The cost of labour |
4.11. | The cost of power |
4.12. | Vertical farming: expectations vs reality |
4.13. | Is all well at Plenty? |
4.14. | The importance of location |
4.15. | Growing Underground |
4.16. | To succeed, vertical farms must be productive |
4.17. | Marketing and pricing products |
4.18. | Vertical farming: the food industry, not the tech industry |
4.19. | The importance of company direction |
4.20. | Crop One Holdings |
4.21. | The need for collaboration |
4.22. | 80 Acres |
4.23. | Infinite Acres |
5. | THE ECONOMICS OF VERTICAL FARMING |
5.1. | Vertical farming vs. conventional agriculture |
5.1.1. | What crops do vertical farms grow? |
5.1.2. | Vertically farmed produce has a cost premium |
5.1.3. | The price of non-organic vegetables in the USA |
5.1.4. | The retail price of iceberg lettuce in the USA |
5.1.5. | How productive is an average farm? |
5.1.6. | The costs of growing romaine lettuce on a farm |
5.1.7. | The impact of fuel prices on fruit and vegetable prices |
5.1.8. | Could rising oil prices make vertical farming economical? |
5.1.9. | Vertical farming and the fruit and vegetable supply chain |
5.1.10. | A breakdown of food dollars: fresh vegetables at retail |
5.1.11. | Pricing vertically farmed crops: the Starbucks approach? |
5.1.12. | Vertical farmed produce vs. organic produce |
5.1.13. | Beyond iceberg lettuce |
5.1.14. | Cannabis |
5.2. | The benefits of local production |
5.2.1. | The growing market for local food |
5.2.2. | How much will consumers pay for local food? |
5.2.3. | Will consumers pay more for vertically farmed produce? |
5.2.4. | Organic certification: worth the investment? |
5.2.5. | Presenting vertically farmed produce |
5.2.6. | Miravel |
5.2.7. | The value of growing at home |
5.2.8. | The economics and sustainability of food miles |
5.2.9. | Food miles are a poor measure of sustainability |
5.2.10. | Is local production economically beneficial? |
5.3. | Running costs of a vertical farm |
5.3.1. | Production and running costs (OPEX) of a vertical farm |
5.3.2. | The power requirements for vertical farming |
5.3.3. | The lighting costs of different crops |
5.3.4. | Could photovoltaics improve the energy costs? |
5.3.5. | LED costs vary by colour |
5.3.6. | Is vertical farming sustainable? |
6. | MARKETS |
6.1. | Business models in vertical farming |
6.1.1. | The vertical farming value chain |
6.1.2. | The three main business models in vertical farming |
6.1.3. | Turnkey farm solutions: Infarm |
6.1.4. | Turnkey farm solutions: Agrilution |
6.1.5. | AeroFarms: the Amazon model? |
6.1.6. | Investments in vertical farming |
6.2. | Vertical farming across geographies |
6.2.1. | Consumer perceptions with geography |
6.2.2. | Vertical farming in the USA |
6.2.3. | Square Roots |
6.2.4. | Food recalls in the USA |
6.2.5. | Vertical farming in Europe |
6.2.6. | The state of farming in Europe |
6.2.7. | The Netherlands leads the world in greenhouse growing |
6.2.8. | Dutch agritech - implications for vertical farming |
6.2.9. | Agricool |
6.2.10. | Vertical farming in the Middle East |
6.2.11. | Badia Farms |
6.2.12. | Vertical farming in Japan |
6.2.13. | Vertical farming in Japan - top 20 producers |
6.2.14. | Spread Co., Ltd. |
6.2.15. | Spread Co., Ltd. Production facilities |
6.2.16. | Vertical farming in China |
6.2.17. | Is China ready for vertical farming? |
6.2.18. | Fujian Sanan Sino-Science Photobiotech Co., Ltd |
6.2.19. | Singapore: ripe for vertical farming? |
6.2.20. | Urban farming in Singapore |
6.2.21. | Sustenir |
7. | FORECASTS |
7.1. | Market outlook |
7.1.1. | Vertical farming: outlook |
7.2. | Vertically farmed produce |
7.2.1. | Organic fruit and vegetable sales in the USA and EU+UK |
7.2.2. | Vertically farmed produce: global forecast |
7.2.3. | Vertically farmed produce forecast: North America |
7.2.4. | Vertically farmed produce forecast: Europe |
7.2.5. | Vertically farmed produce forecast: Japan |
7.2.6. | Vertically farmed produce forecast: China |
7.3. | Vertical farming hardware |
7.4. | Container farming forecast (global) |
7.5. | Turnkey vertical farming hardware forecast (not container farms, global) |
8. | COMPANY PROFILES |
8.1. | LettUs Grow |
8.2. | Spread Co. Ltd. |
8.3. | Miravel |
8.4. | Square Roots |
8.5. | 80 Acres |
8.6. | Signify |
8.7. | Imagination Garden Inc. |
8.8. | Autogrow |
8.9. | n.Thing |
8.10. | Sherpa Space |
8.11. | Bowery Farming |
8.12. | Intelligent Growth Solutions |
8.13. | Agrilution |
8.14. | Infarm |
8.15. | Growing Underground |
8.16. | Plenty |
8.17. | CubicFarm Systems Corp |
8.18. | SananBio US |
8.19. | Freight Farms |
8.20. | Infinite Acres |
8.21. | Priva |
8.22. | AeroFarms |
8.23. | Crop One Holdings |
8.24. | Vertical Crop Consultants |
8.25. | Badia Farms |
8.26. | Urban Crop Solutions |
8.27. | Jones Food Company |