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1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS |
1.1. | Comparison of features of lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors |
1.1. | Comparison with batteries |
1.1. | Narrowing the gap. Energy density of supercapacitors/ lithium-ion capacitors and lithium-ion batteries 2015-2027 |
1.2. | Energy density roadmap supercapacitor vs Li battery 2016 - 2028 |
1.2. | Comparison with electrolytic capacitors |
1.2. | Comparison of features of supercapacitors with electrolytic capacitors |
1.3. | Some of the better advances in experimental capacitance density achieved by electrode materials |
1.3. | Focus on functional materials |
1.3. | Three basic options for supercapacitor technology |
1.4. | Dialogue of the deaf |
1.4. | Options: operating principles |
1.4. | Specific capacitance for various electrode materials |
1.5. | Comparison of supercapacitor properties by material with problem areas in red |
1.5. | What needs improving? |
1.5. | Supercapacitor construction |
1.5.1. | Replacing Li-ion batteries |
1.5.2. | Dramatic benefit from energy density increase |
1.5.3. | Example in action |
1.6. | Supercapacitor cost breakdown |
1.6. | Construction and cost structure |
1.6. | Graphene supercapacitor and supercabattery research results. Red equivalent to present or future lithium-ion batteries. Yellow equivalent to lead-acid and nickel-cadmium batteries. |
1.7. | Choices of material: important parameters to improve |
1.7. | Iterative improvement of energy density with cost - following the best bets. |
1.7.1. | Carbon is unassailable? |
1.7.2. | Metal-organic frameworks |
1.7.3. | How to improve cost and energy density |
1.7.4. | Voltage and area improvement |
1.7.5. | Highest power density |
1.7.6. | Series resistance |
1.7.7. | Time constant |
1.7.8. | Leakage current |
1.8. | A more detailed look at options for improving the materials used in supercapacitors |
1.8. | Progress with electrode materials |
1.9. | Electrolytes |
1.9. | Some higher voltage organic solute and organic ionic electrolytes compared. |
1.9.1. | Comparison of options |
1.9.2. | Higher voltage electrolytes |
1.9.3. | Aqueous electrolytes become attractive |
1.9.4. | Organic ionic electrolytes |
1.9.5. | Acetonitrile concern |
1.10. | Specific capacitance vs identified area for graphene-based supercapacitor electrodes |
1.10. | Supercabatteries |
1.10.1. | Graphene a strong focus |
1.11. | Graphene goes well with the new electrolytes |
1.11. | Features of life cycle |
1.11.1. | Other reasons for graphene |
1.11.2. | Graphene advance in 2015 |
1.11.3. | Stretchable supercapacitors in 2014-15 |
1.12. | Evolution matrix for supercapacitor materials |
1.12. | Materials maturity and profit |
1.13. | Market forecast 2017-2027 |
1.13. | Capacitor and Supercapacitor players and estimated revenue |
1.14. | Competitive landscape |
1.14. | Hemp pseudo graphene? |
1.15. | Supercapacitors on the smaller scale |
1.15. | Market forecast (>100 Farad market - supercapacitor penetration by segment 2017-2027 |
1.16. | Supercapacitor focus for small wearable healthcare devices |
1.16. | Supercapacitor materials news |
1.16.1. | ETRI Korea exceptional supercapacitors - April 2016 |
1.16.2. | FASTcap advances - September 2016 |
1.16.3. | Metal oxide frameworks - October 2016 |
1.16.4. | Candy cane supercapacitor could enable fast charging of mobile phones - August 2017 |
1.16.5. | Georgia Institute of Technology and Korea University's paper-based flexible supercapacitor - September 2017 |
1.16.6. | Design for new electrode could boost supercapacitors' performance - February 2018 |
1.17. | Candy cane supercapacitor |
1.18. | UCLA's long-lasting electrode for supercapacitors |
2. | INTRODUCTION |
2.1. | Parameters of production supercapacitors compared with electrolytic capacitors, pseudocapacitors and lithium-ion batteries |
2.1. | Some of the options and some of the suppliers in the spectrum between conventional capacitors and rechargeable batteries with primary markets shown in yellow |
2.1. | Where supercapacitors fit in |
2.2. | Supercapacitors and supercabattery basics |
2.2. | Nippon Chemi-Con non-toxic supercapacitor used for fast charge-discharge in a Mazda sports car |
2.2. | Aqueous vs non aqueous electrolytes in supercapacitors |
2.2.1. | Basic geometry |
2.2.2. | Charging |
2.2.3. | Discharging and cycling |
2.2.4. | Energy density |
2.2.5. | Battery-like variants: pseudocapacitors, supercabatteries |
2.2.6. | Pseudocapacitance |
2.2.7. | New supercabattery designs |
2.3. | Supercapacitors and alternatives compared |
2.3. | Properties conferred by aqueous vs non-aqueous electrolytes in supercapacitors and supercabatteries |
2.3. | Symmetric supercapacitor construction |
2.4. | Symmetric compared to asymmetric supercapacitor construction |
2.4. | Fundamentals |
2.5. | Laminar biodegradable option |
2.5. | Yunasko approach to supercabatteries |
2.6. | Summary of ultracapacitor device characteristics |
2.6. | Structural supercapacitors |
2.6.1. | Queensland UT supercap car body |
2.6.2. | Fiber supercapacitors |
2.6.3. | Stretchable Capacitors |
2.6.4. | Microcapacitors |
2.6.5. | Embedding with Flexible Printed Circuits |
2.6.6. | Electrical component hitches a ride with mechanical support |
2.6.7. | AMBER activity of the CRANN Institute at Trinity College Dublin |
2.7. | Electrolyte improvements ahead |
2.7. | Side view of a structural supercapacitor shows the blue polymer electrolyte that glues the silicon electrodes together |
2.7.1. | Aqueous vs non-aqueous electrolytes |
2.7.2. | Polyacenes or polypyrrole |
2.7.3. | New ionic liquid electrolytes |
2.7.4. | Prospect of radically different battery and capacitor shapes |
2.8. | Equivalent circuits and limitations |
2.8. | The engineers suspended a heavy laptop from the supercapacitor to demonstrate its strength. |
2.8.1. | Equivalent circuits |
2.8.2. | Example of fixing the limitations |
2.9. | Supercapacitor sales have a new driver: safety |
2.9. | Cambridge U. stretchable supercapacitor |
2.9.1. | Why supercapacitors replace batteries today |
2.9.2. | Troublesome life of rechargeable batteries |
2.9.3. | So where are we now? |
2.9.4. | What next? |
2.9.5. | Good cell and system design |
2.9.6. | Faster improvement |
2.9.7. | Complex electronic controls |
2.9.8. | The air industry benchmarks badly |
2.10. | Disruptive supercapacitors now taken more seriously |
2.10. | Micro capacitor by Cambridge University |
2.10.1. | Lithium-ion batteries still ahead in ten years |
2.10.2. | Supercapacitors first choice for safety? |
2.11. | Change of leadership of the global value market? |
2.11. | The structural supercapacitor as a flat laminate (top) and as a car trunk lid (bottom) that can light LED lights |
2.11.1. | Maxwell Technologies |
2.11.2. | Largest orders today: Meidensha |
2.12. | Battery and fuel cell management with supercapacitors |
2.12. | Simplest equivalent circuit for an electrolytic capacitor |
2.13. | Transmission line equivalent circuit for a supercapacitor |
2.13. | Graphene vs other carbon forms in supercapacitors |
2.13.1. | Exohedral and hierarchical options both set records |
2.13.2. | Aerogel doubles energy density |
2.13.3. | Hierarchical with interconnected pores: breakthrough in 2015 |
2.14. | Environmentally friendlier and safer materials |
2.15. | Printing supercapacitors |
2.16. | New manufacturing sites in Europe |
2.17. | Modelling insights |
3. | SEPARATORS |
4. | ELECTROLYTES BY MANUFACTURER |
4.1. | Electrolytes used - acetonitrile solvent, other solvent or ionic liquid - by supercapacitor and lithium supercabattery manufacturers and putative manufacturers. |
4.1. | Introduction |
4.2. | Toxicity |
4.3. | Gel electrolytes |
4.4. | Ionic liquids |
4.5. | Electrolytes compared by manufacturer. |
5. | ELECTRODE MATERIALS AND OTHERS |
5.1. | Electrode materials, electrolytes and formation processes for supercapacitors and supercabatteries |
5.1. | Narrowing the gap. Energy density of supercapacitors/ lithium-ion capacitors and lithium-ion batteries 2015-2027 |
5.1. | Introduction |
5.2. | Electrodes and other materials compared by company |
5.2. | Options for improving the materials used in supercapacitors |
5.2. | Comparison of features of batteries and supercapacitors |
5.3. | Comparison of features of supercapacitors with electrolytic capacitors |
5.3. | Some higher voltage organic solute and organic ionic electrolytes compared. |
5.3. | Materials optimisation |
5.3.1. | Requirements to beat batteries |
5.3.2. | Focus on functional materials |
5.3.3. | Rapid demand increase |
5.3.4. | What needs improving? |
5.3.5. | Replacing Li-ion batteries partly or wholly |
5.3.6. | Dramatic benefit from energy density increase |
5.3.7. | Materials aspects |
5.3.8. | Carbon is unassailable |
5.3.9. | 2D titanium carbide |
5.3.10. | How to improve cost and energy density |
5.3.11. | Voltage and area improvement |
5.3.12. | Materials for highest power density today |
5.3.13. | Series resistance |
5.3.14. | Time constant |
5.4. | Progress with electrode materials |
5.4. | Some of the better advances in experimental capacitance density achieved by electrode materials |
5.5. | Graphene supercapacitor and supercabattery research results. Red equivalent to present or future lithium-ion batteries. Yellow equivalent to lead-acid and nickel-cadmium batteries. |
5.5. | Graphene |
5.5.1. | Other reasons for graphene |
5.5.2. | Self assembling graphene |
5.6. | Higher voltage electrolytes |
5.7. | Aqueous electrolytes become attractive |
5.8. | Organic ionic electrolytes |
5.9. | Acetonitrile concern |
5.10. | Supercabattery improvement |
6. | COMPANY PROFILES |
6.1. | The amount of composite materials used in recent airbus planes |
6.1. | 2D Carbon Graphene Material Co., Ltd |
6.2. | Abalonyx, Norway |
6.2. | The amount of structural weight of composites used in planes, in %, as a function of year |
6.3. | Effect of different nanomaterials in resin fracture toughness |
6.3. | Airbus, France |
6.4. | Aixtron, Germany |
6.4. | Locations and products of Cambridge Graphene Platform |
6.5. | Improvement formulation with addition of GRIDSTM 180 |
6.5. | AMO GmbH, Germany |
6.6. | Asbury Carbon, USA |
6.6. | Schematic of the epitaxial process used to grow graphene |
6.7. | Hotmelt-Prepreg-Production |
6.7. | AZ Electronics, Luxembourg |
6.8. | BASF, Germany |
6.8. | LM graphene synthesis and processing R&D |
6.9. | The graphene microchip mostly based on relatively standard chip processing technology |
6.9. | Cambridge Graphene Centre, UK |
6.10. | Cambridge Graphene Platform, UK |
6.10. | Concept version of the photoelectrochemical cell |
6.11. | This filament containing about 30 million carbon nanotubes absorbs energy from the sun |
6.11. | Carben Semicon Ltd, Russia |
6.12. | Carbon Solutions, Inc., USA |
6.12. | The difference between dispersible graphene and non-redispersible graphene |
6.13. | Mazda car supercapacitor exhibited at EVS26 Los Angeles 2012 |
6.13. | Catalyx Nanotech Inc. (CNI), USA |
6.14. | CRANN, Ireland |
6.14. | Nippon Chemi-Con low resistance DXE Series priority shown in 2012 |
6.15. | Exhibit by United ChemiCon at EVS26 Los Angeles |
6.15. | Georgia Tech Research Institute (GTRI), USA |
6.16. | Grafoid, Canada |
6.16. | Nippon ChemiCon latest developments using CNT and carbon nanofiber CNF |
6.17. | Silicon carbide wafer |
6.17. | GRAnPH Nanotech, Spain |
6.18. | Graphene Devices, USA |
6.18. | A new method for using water to tune the band gap of the nanomaterial graphene |
6.19. | A mesh of carbon nanotubes supports one-atom-thick sheets of graphene that were produced with a new fluid-processing technique. |
6.19. | Graphene NanoChem, UK |
6.20. | Graphensic AB, Sweden |
6.20. | A three-terminal single-transistor amplifier made of graphene |
6.21. | CNT films from Rutgers University |
6.21. | Harbin Mulan Foreign Economic and Trade Company, China |
6.22. | HDPlas, USA |
6.22. | Comparison of carbon fibre and graphene reinforcement |
6.23. | Taiyo Yuden ultra-small and can type supercapacitors |
6.23. | Head, Austria |
6.24. | HRL Laboratories, USA |
6.24. | Making graphene supercapacitors |
6.25. | High-performance laser scribed graphene electrodes (LSG) |
6.25. | IBM, USA |
6.26. | iTrix, Japan |
6.26. | Graphene supercapacitor properties |
6.27. | Flexible, all-solid-state supercapacitors |
6.27. | JiangSu GeRui Graphene Venture Capital Co., Ltd. |
6.28. | Jinan Moxi New Material Technology Co., Ltd |
6.28. | Graphene OPV |
6.29. | The resulting film is photographed atop a color photo to show its transparency |
6.29. | JSR Micro, Inc. / JM Energy Corp. |
6.30. | Lockheed Martin, USA |
6.30. | Fabrication steps, leading to regular arrays of single-wall nanotubes (bottom) |
6.31. | The colourless disk with a lattice of more than 20,000 nanotube transistors in front of the USC sign |
6.31. | Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), USA |
6.32. | Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Germany |
6.33. | Momentive, USA |
6.34. | Nanjing JCNANO Tech Co., LTD |
6.35. | Nanjing XFNANO Materials Tech Co.,Ltd |
6.36. | Nanostructured & Amorphous Materials, Inc., USA |
6.36.1. | Nippon ChemiCon/ United ChemiCon Japan |
6.37. | Nokia, Finland |
6.38. | Pennsylvania State University, USA |
6.39. | Power Booster, China |
6.40. | Quantum Materials Corp, India |
6.41. | Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), USA |
6.42. | Rice University, USA |
6.43. | Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey, USA |
6.44. | Samsung Electronics, Korea |
6.45. | Samsung Techwin, Korea |
6.46. | SolanPV, USA |
6.47. | Spirit Aerosystems, USA |
6.48. | Sungkyunkwan University Advanced Institute of Nano Technology (SAINT), Korea |
6.48.1. | Taiyo Yuden |
6.49. | Texas Instruments, USA |
6.50. | Thales, France |
6.51. | The Sixth Element |
6.52. | University of California Los Angeles, (UCLA), USA |
6.53. | University of Manchester, UK |
6.54. | University of Princeton, USA |
6.55. | University of Southern California (USC), USA |
6.56. | University of Surrey UK |
6.57. | University of Texas at Austin, USA |
6.58. | University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA |
IDTECHEX RESEARCH REPORTS | |
IDTECHEX CONSULTANCY | |
TABLES | |
FIGURES |
Pages | 212 |
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Tables | 15 |
Figures | 65 |
Companies | 58 |
预测 | 2027 |