1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
1.1. | Why CO₂ utilization? |
1.2. | CO₂ utilization pathways |
1.3. | CO₂-EOR dominates utilization of captured CO₂ |
1.4. | World's large-scale CO₂ capture with CO₂-EOR facilities |
1.5. | Key takeaways in CO₂-EOR |
1.6. | Emerging applications of CO₂ utilization |
1.7. | Comparison of emerging CO₂ utilization applications |
1.8. | Technology Readiness Level (TRL): CO₂U products |
1.9. | Key players in emerging CO₂ Utilization technologies |
1.10. | Production of CO₂-derived building materials is growing fast |
1.11. | CO₂ use in the cement and concrete supply chain |
1.12. | Competitive landscape: TRL of players in CO₂U concrete |
1.13. | Key takeaways in CO₂-derived building materials |
1.14. | Carbon-containing chemicals could be made from CO₂ |
1.15. | The chemical industry's decarbonization challenge |
1.16. | Major pathways to convert CO₂ into polymers |
1.17. | Key takeaways in CO₂-derived chemicals and polymers |
1.18. | CO₂-derived fuels could decarbonize transport |
1.19. | Key takeaways in CO₂-derived fuels |
1.20. | CO₂ utilization to boost biological yields |
1.21. | Key takeaways in CO₂ biological yield boosting |
1.22. | Factors driving CO₂U future market potential |
1.23. | Greater policy and regulation support for CO₂U is needed |
1.24. | Carbon utilization potential and climate benefits |
1.25. | CO₂ utilization: Analyst viewpoint (i) |
1.26. | CO₂ utilization: Analyst viewpoint (ii) |
1.27. | CO₂ utilization: Analyst viewpoint (iii) |
1.28. | CO₂ utilization forecast by product (million tonnes of CO₂ per year), 2025-2045 |
1.29. | CO₂ utilization market forecast, 2025-2045: discussion |
2. | INTRODUCTION |
2.1. | Definition and report scope |
2.2. | The world needs an unprecedented transition away from fossil carbon |
2.3. | Why CO₂ utilization? |
2.4. | How is CO₂ used and sourced today? |
2.5. | CO₂ utilization pathways |
2.6. | Reductive vs non-reductive methods |
2.7. | CO₂ Utilization in Enhanced Oil Recovery |
2.8. | CO₂ Utilization in Enhanced Oil Recovery |
2.9. | Main emerging applications of CO₂ utilization |
2.10. | Emerging applications of CO₂ utilization |
2.11. | Carbon Utilization potential and climate benefits |
2.12. | When can CO₂ utilization be considered "net-zero"? |
2.13. | Greater policy and regulation support for CO₂U is needed |
2.14. | Carbon pricing and carbon markets |
2.15. | Compliance carbon pricing mechanisms across the globe |
2.16. | Alternative to carbon pricing: 45Q tax credits |
2.17. | How is CO₂ utilization treated in existing regulations? |
2.18. | 45Q tax credits and CO₂ utilization |
2.19. | The role of voluntary carbon credits in supporting CO₂ utilization |
2.20. | Is the origin of CO₂ important? |
2.21. | Factors driving future market potential |
2.22. | IDTechEx TRL assessment for large-scale CO₂ utilization |
2.23. | Technology Readiness Level (TRL): CO₂U products |
2.24. | CO₂U Products: utilization ratio and selling price |
2.25. | Cost effectiveness of CO₂ utilization applications |
2.26. | New CO₂ transportation infrastructure expected to emerge rapidly |
2.27. | Investment in CO₂ utilization continues to grow |
2.28. | Governments are also funding CCU companies and commercial projects |
2.29. | Technical challenges of major CO₂U applications |
2.30. | Climate benefits of major CO₂U applications |
2.31. | Technology readiness and climate benefits of CO₂U pathways |
2.32. | Key considerations for CO₂U market growth |
2.33. | Realizing the potential of CO₂ utilization |
2.34. | Carbon utilization business models |
2.35. | Why CO₂ utilization should not be overlooked |
2.36. | Conclusions |
3. | CO₂ ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY |
3.1. | What is CO₂-EOR? |
3.2. | What happens to the injected CO₂? |
3.3. | Types of CO₂-EOR designs |
3.4. | The CO₂ source: natural vs anthropogenic |
3.5. | The CO₂ source impacts costs and technology choice |
3.6. | Global status of CO₂-EOR: U.S. dominates but other regions arise |
3.7. | World's large-scale CO₂ capture with CO₂-EOR facilities |
3.8. | Most CCUS projects are coupled with enhanced oil recovery for financial viability |
3.9. | CO₂-EOR potential |
3.10. | Most CO₂ in the U.S. is still naturally sourced |
3.11. | CO₂-EOR main players in the U.S. |
3.12. | CO₂-EOR main players in North America |
3.13. | CO₂ transportation is a bottleneck |
3.14. | Which CCUS/EOR project is the biggest? |
3.15. | Boundary Dam - battling capture technical issues |
3.16. | CO₂-EOR in China |
3.17. | The economics of promoting CO₂ storage through CO₂-EOR |
3.18. | Role of Carbon sequestration tax credits: the U.S. 45Q |
3.19. | The impact of oil prices on CO₂-EOR feasibility |
3.20. | Petra Nova's long shutdown: lessons for the industry? |
3.21. | Climate considerations in CO₂-EOR |
3.22. | The climate impact of CO₂-EOR varies over time |
3.23. | CO₂-EOR: an on-ramp for CCS and DACCS? |
3.24. | CO₂-EOR: Progressive or "Greenwashing" |
3.25. | Future advancements in CO₂-EOR |
3.26. | CO₂-EOR SWOT analysis |
3.27. | Key takeaways: market |
3.28. | Key takeaways: environmental |
4. | CO₂ UTILIZATION IN BUILDING MATERIALS |
4.1. | Introduction |
4.1.1. | The role of concrete in the construction sector emissions |
4.1.2. | The role of cement in concrete's carbon footprint |
4.1.3. | The role of cement in concrete's carbon footprint (ii) |
4.1.4. | Regulations driving concrete decarbonization |
4.1.5. | The Basic Chemistry: CO₂ Mineralization |
4.1.6. | CO₂ use in the cement and concrete supply chain |
4.1.7. | Can the CO₂ used in building materials come from cement plants? |
4.2. | CO₂ utilization in concrete curing or mixing |
4.2.1. | CO₂ utilization in concrete curing or mixing |
4.2.2. | CO₂ utilization in concrete curing or mixing (ii) |
4.2.3. | CO₂ utilization in concrete curing - technologies and business models |
4.2.4. | CO₂ utilization in concrete curing or mixing - production capacities |
4.3. | CO₂ utilization in carbonates (aggregates and additives) |
4.3.1. | CO₂ utilization in carbonates (aggregates and additives) |
4.3.2. | CO₂-derived carbonates from natural minerals |
4.3.3. | CO₂-derived carbonates from waste |
4.3.4. | CO₂-derived carbonates from waste (ii) |
4.3.5. | Carbonation of recycled concrete in a cement plant |
4.3.6. | Carbonation of recycled concrete players |
4.3.7. | CO₂ utilization in carbonates - technologies and business models (i) |
4.3.8. | CO₂ utilization in carbonates - technologies and business models (ii) |
4.3.9. | CO₂ utilization in carbonates - production capacities |
4.4. | Market analysis of CO₂-derived building materials |
4.4.1. | The market potential of CO₂ use in the construction industry |
4.4.2. | Supplying CO₂ to a decentralized concrete industry |
4.4.3. | Future of CO₂ supply for concrete |
4.4.4. | Prefabricated versus ready-mixed concrete markets |
4.4.5. | Market dynamics of cement and concrete |
4.4.6. | CO₂U business models in building materials |
4.4.7. | CO₂ derived concrete: carbon credits |
4.4.8. | Construction standards can delay adoption of new materials |
4.4.9. | Construction standards met by CO₂U concrete players |
4.4.10. | CO₂U technology adoption in construction materials |
4.4.11. | CO₂ utilization players in mineralization |
4.4.12. | Competitive landscape: TRL of players in CO₂U concrete |
4.4.13. | Factors influencing CO₂U adoption in construction |
4.4.14. | Factors influencing CO₂U adoption in construction (ii) |
4.4.15. | Concrete carbon footprint of key CO₂U companies |
4.4.16. | Cement reduction and direct sequestration carbon footprint components |
4.4.17. | Key takeaways in CO₂-derived building materials |
4.4.18. | Key takeaways in CO₂-derived building materials (ii) |
4.4.19. | Key takeaways in CO₂-derived building materials (iii) |
5. | CO₂-DERIVED CHEMICALS |
5.1. | Introduction |
5.1.1. | The chemical industry's decarbonization challenge |
5.1.2. | CO₂ can be converted into a giant range of chemicals |
5.1.3. | Using CO₂ as a feedstock is energy-intensive |
5.1.4. | The basics: types of CO₂ utilization reactions |
5.1.5. | CO₂ conversion pathways in this chapter |
5.1.6. | CO₂ use in urea production |
5.2. | CO₂-derived chemicals: thermochemical pathways |
5.2.1. | CO₂ may need to be first converted into CO or syngas |
5.2.2. | Reverse water gas shift (RWGS) overview |
5.2.3. | RWGS catalyst innovation case study |
5.2.4. | Fischer-Tropsch synthesis: syngas to hydrocarbons |
5.2.5. | Direct Fischer-Tropsch synthesis: CO₂ to hydrocarbons |
5.2.6. | Methanol is a valuable chemical feedstock |
5.2.7. | Cost parity has been a challenge for CO₂-derived methanol |
5.2.8. | Thermochemical methods: CO₂-derived methanol |
5.2.9. | Carbon Recycling International: Direct hydrogenation |
5.2.10. | Direct methanol synthesis from H2O & CO₂ |
5.2.11. | Major CO₂-derived methanol projects |
5.2.12. | Future methanol applications |
5.2.13. | Aromatic hydrocarbons from CO₂ |
5.3. | CO₂-derived chemicals: electrochemical pathways |
5.3.1. | Electrochemical CO₂ reduction |
5.3.2. | Electrochemical CO₂ reduction technologies |
5.3.3. | Low-temperature electrochemical CO₂ reduction |
5.3.4. | ECO₂Fuel Project |
5.3.5. | High-temperature solid oxide electrolyzers |
5.3.6. | Solid oxide electrolyzer (SOEC) overview |
5.3.7. | SOEC co-electrolysis project case study |
5.3.8. | Comparison of RWGS & SOEC co-electrolysis routes |
5.3.9. | SOEC & SOFC system suppliers |
5.3.10. | H2O electrolysis industry much more developed than CO₂ electrolysis |
5.3.11. | Topsoe |
5.3.12. | Cost comparison of CO₂ electrochemical technologies |
5.3.13. | Coupling H2 and electrochemical CO₂ |
5.3.14. | What products can be made from CO₂ reduction? |
5.3.15. | Economic viability CO₂ reduction products |
5.3.16. | USA and Europe leading the way in CO₂ electrolysis |
5.3.17. | Summary of electrochemical CO₂ reduction |
5.4. | CO₂-derived chemicals: Microbial conversion pathways |
5.4.1. | CO₂ microbial conversion to produce chemicals |
5.4.2. | Tools and techniques of synthetic biology |
5.4.3. | CO₂-consuming microorganisms |
5.4.4. | Introduction to CRISPR-Cas9 |
5.4.5. | CRISPR-Cas9: a bacterial immune system |
5.4.6. | Gene-editing considerations for acetogens |
5.4.7. | LanzaTech |
5.4.8. | Key challenges in chemosynthesis |
5.4.9. | Key players in chemosynthetic biological conversion for CO₂ utilization |
5.4.10. | Scaling bioreactors - specific technical challenges |
5.4.11. | Introduction to cell-free systems |
5.4.12. | Cell-free versus cell-based systems |
5.4.13. | Biological conversion pathways to CO₂-derived chemicals studied in academia |
5.5. | CO₂-derived chemicals: Photocatalytic, photoelectrochemical, plasma conversion |
5.5.1. | "Artificial photosynthesis" - photocatalytic reduction methods |
5.5.2. | Plasma technology for CO₂ conversion |
5.6. | CO₂-derived polymers |
5.6.1. | Major pathways to convert CO₂ into polymers |
5.6.2. | CO₂-derived linear-chain polycarbonates |
5.6.3. | Commercial production of polycarbonate from CO₂ |
5.6.4. | Asahi Kasei: CO₂-based aromatic polycarbonates |
5.6.5. | Commercial production of CO₂-derived polymers |
5.6.6. | Methanol to olefins (polypropylene production) |
5.6.7. | Ethanol to polymers |
5.6.8. | Project announcements in 2023: Electrochemical polymer production |
5.6.9. | PHB from Biological Conversion: Newlight |
5.7. | CO₂-derived pure carbon products |
5.7.1. | Carbon nanostructures made from CO₂ |
5.7.2. | Mars Materials |
5.8. | CO₂-derived chemicals: market and general considerations |
5.8.1. | Players in CO₂-derived chemicals by end-product |
5.8.2. | CO₂-derived chemicals: market potential |
5.8.3. | Are CO₂-derived chemicals climate beneficial? |
5.8.4. | Technology Readiness Level (TRL): CO₂U chemicals |
5.8.5. | Investments and industrial collaboration are key |
5.8.6. | Steel-off gases as a CO₂U feedstock |
5.8.7. | Centralized or distributed chemical manufacturing? |
5.8.8. | Could the chemical industry run on CO₂? |
5.9. | CO₂-derived chemicals: takeaways |
5.9.1. | Which CO₂U technologies are more suitable to which products? |
5.9.2. | Key takeaways in CO₂-derived chemicals |
6. | CO₂-DERIVED FUELS |
6.1. | What are CO₂-derived fuels (power-to-X)? |
6.2. | CO₂ can be converted into a variety of fuels |
6.3. | Overview of e-fuel uses & production pathways |
6.4. | Comparison of e-fuels to fossil and biofuels |
6.5. | Overview of energy & carbon flows in e-fuel production |
6.6. | The challenge of energy efficiency |
6.7. | CO₂-fuels are pertinent to a specific context |
6.8. | CO₂-fuels in road vehicles |
6.9. | Methanol-to-gasoline (MTG) synthesis |
6.10. | MTG e-fuel plant case study |
6.11. | CO₂-fuels in shipping |
6.12. | CO₂-fuels in aviation |
6.13. | Sustainable aviation fuel policies (i) |
6.14. | Sustainable aviation fuel policies (ii) |
6.15. | Fuels made from CO₂ are seeing demand from the aviation and shipping sectors |
6.16. | Existing and future CO₂-derived synfuels (kerosene, diesel, and gasoline) projects |
6.17. | The source of captured CO₂ matters |
6.18. | CO₂ source for e-fuel production under the EU's Renewable Energy Directive |
6.19. | Status of DAC for e-fuel production |
6.20. | Overview of syngas production options for e-fuels |
6.21. | Key players in reverse water gas shift (RWGS) for e-fuels |
6.22. | Start-ups in reverse water gas shift (RWGS) for e-fuels |
6.23. | RWGS-FT e-fuel plant case study |
6.24. | Methanation overview |
6.25. | Thermocatalytic pathway to e-methane |
6.26. | Thermocatalytic methanation case study |
6.27. | Biological fermentation of CO₂ into e-methane |
6.28. | Biocatalytic methanation case study |
6.29. | Thermocatalytic vs biocatalytic methanation |
6.30. | SWOT for methanation technology |
6.31. | Existing and future CO₂-derived methane projects |
6.32. | Power-to-Methane projects worldwide - current and announced |
6.33. | Methanation company landscape |
6.34. | High costs of e-fuel production |
6.35. | Can CO₂-fuels achieve cost parity with fossil-fuels? |
6.36. | CO₂-fuels rollout is linked to electrolyzer capacity |
6.37. | Low-carbon hydrogen is crucial to CO₂-fuels |
6.38. | Technology & process developers in e-fuels by end-product |
6.39. | Project developers in e-fuels by end-product |
6.40. | SWOT analysis for e-fuels |
6.41. | Are CO₂-fuels climate beneficial? |
6.42. | CO₂-derived fuels: market potential |
6.43. | Key takeaways in CO₂-derived fuels |
7. | CO₂ UTILIZATION IN BIOLOGICAL YIELD BOOSTING |
7.1. | Introduction |
7.1.1. | CO₂ utilization in biological processes |
7.1.2. | Main companies using CO₂ in biological processes |
7.2. | CO₂ utilization in greenhouses |
7.2.1. | CO₂ enrichment in greenhouses |
7.2.2. | CO₂ enrichment in greenhouses: market potential |
7.2.3. | CO₂ enrichment in greenhouses: pros and cons |
7.2.4. | Advancements in greenhouse CO₂ enrichment |
7.3. | CO₂ utilization in algae cultivation |
7.3.1. | CO₂-enhanced algae or cyanobacteria cultivation |
7.3.2. | CO₂-enhanced algae cultivation: open systems |
7.3.3. | CO₂-enhanced algae cultivation: closed systems |
7.3.4. | Algae can be used directly for CO₂ capture |
7.3.5. | Algae has multiple market applications |
7.3.6. | The algae-based fuel market has been rocky |
7.3.7. | Algae-based fuel for aviation |
7.3.8. | CO₂-enhanced algae cultivation: pros and cons |
7.4. | CO₂ utilization in microbial conversion: food and feed production |
7.4.1. | Food and feed from CO₂ |
7.4.2. | CO₂-derived food and feed: market |
7.4.3. | Carbon fermentation: pros and cons |
7.4.4. | Key takeaways in CO₂ biological yield boosting |
8. | CO₂ UTILIZATION MARKET FORECAST |
8.1. | Forecast methodology |
8.1.1. | Forecast scope and methodology |
8.1.2. | Forecast product categories |
8.2. | CO₂ utilization overall market forecast |
8.2.1. | CO₂ utilization forecast by category (million tonnes of CO₂ per year), 2025-2045 |
8.2.2. | CO₂ utilization forecast by product (million tonnes of CO₂ per year), 2025-2045 |
8.2.3. | Data table for CO₂ utilization forecast by product (million tonnes of CO₂ per year) |
8.2.4. | Carbon utilization annual revenue forecast by category (billion US$), 2025-2045 |
8.2.5. | Carbon utilization annual revenue forecast by product (billion US$), 2025-2045 |
8.2.6. | CO₂ utilization market forecast, 2025-2045: discussion |
8.2.7. | The evolution of the CO₂U market |
8.3. | CO₂-Enhanced Oil Recovery forecast |
8.3.1. | CO₂-EOR forecast assumptions |
8.3.2. | CO₂ utilization forecast in enhanced oil recovery (million tonnes of CO₂ per year), 2025-2045 |
8.3.3. | Annual revenue forecast for CO₂-enhanced oil recovery (billion US$), 2025-2045 |
8.3.4. | Captured CO₂ use in EOR, 2025-2045: discussion |
8.4. | CO₂-derived building materials forecast |
8.4.1. | CO₂-derived building materials: forecast assumptions |
8.4.2. | CO₂ utilization forecast in building materials by end-use (million tonnes of CO₂ per year), 2025-2045 |
8.4.3. | CO₂-derived building materials volume forecast by product (million tonnes of product per year), 2025-2045 |
8.4.4. | Annual revenue forecast for CO₂-derived building materials by product (million US$), 2025-2045 |
8.4.5. | CO₂-derived building materials forecast, 2025-2045: discussion (i) |
8.4.6. | CO₂-derived building materials forecast, 2025-2045: discussion (ii) |
8.5. | CO₂-derived chemicals forecast |
8.5.1. | CO₂-derived chemicals: forecast assumptions |
8.5.2. | CO₂ utilization forecast in chemicals by end-use (million tonnes of CO₂ per year), 2025-2045 |
8.5.3. | CO₂-derived chemicals volume forecast by end-use (million tonnes product per year), 2025-2045 |
8.5.4. | Annual revenue forecast for CO₂-derived chemicals by end-use (million US$), 2025-2045 |
8.5.5. | CO₂-derived chemicals forecast, 2025-2045: discussion |
8.6. | CO₂-derived fuels forecast |
8.6.1. | CO₂-derived fuels: forecast assumptions |
8.6.2. | CO₂ utilization forecast in fuels by fuel type (million tonnes of CO₂ per year), 2025-2045 |
8.6.3. | CO₂-derived fuels volume forecast by fuel type (million tonnes of fuel per year), 2025-2045 |
8.6.4. | Annual revenue forecast for CO₂-derived fuels by fuel type (million US$), 2025-2045 |
8.6.5. | CO₂-derived fuels forecast, 2025-2045: discussion (i) |
8.6.6. | CO₂-derived fuels forecast, 2025-2045: discussion (ii) |
8.7. | CO₂ use in biological yield-boosting forecast |
8.7.1. | CO₂ use in biological yield-boosting: forecast assumptions (greenhouses) |
8.7.2. | CO₂ use in biological yield-boosting: forecast assumptions (algae and proteins) |
8.7.3. | CO₂ utilization forecast in biological yield-boosting by end-use (million tonnes of CO₂ per year), 2025-2045 |
8.7.4. | Annual revenue forecast for CO₂ use in biological yield-boosting by end-use (million US$), 2025-2045 |
8.7.5. | CO₂ use in biological yield-boosting forecast, 2025-2045: discussion (greenhouses) |
8.7.6. | CO₂ use in biological yield-boosting forecast, 2025-2045: discussion (algae & proteins) |
9. | COMPANY PROFILES |
9.1. | Adaptavate |
9.2. | Aether Diamonds |
9.3. | Arborea |
9.4. | Avantium: Volta Technology |
9.5. | Carboclave |
9.6. | Carbon Corp |
9.7. | Carbon Neutral Fuels |
9.8. | Carbon Recycling International |
9.9. | Carbonaide |
9.10. | CarbonBridge |
9.11. | CarbonBuilt |
9.12. | CarbonCure |
9.13. | CarbonFree |
9.14. | Chiyoda: CCUS |
9.15. | CO2 GRO Inc. |
9.16. | Coval Energy |
9.17. | Deep Branch |
9.18. | Econic Technologies |
9.19. | Fortera Corporation |
9.20. | GreenCap Solutions |
9.21. | Greenore |
9.22. | INERATEC |
9.23. | LanzaJet |
9.24. | LanzaTech |
9.25. | Liquid Wind |
9.26. | Mars Materials |
9.27. | neustark |
9.28. | Newlight Technologies |
9.29. | O.C.O Technology |
9.30. | OXCCU |
9.31. | OxEon Energy |
9.32. | Paebbl |
9.33. | Prometheus Fuels |
9.34. | Q Power |
9.35. | Seratech |
9.36. | Solar Foods |
9.37. | Solidia Technologies |
9.38. | Synhelion |
9.39. | Twelve Corporation |
9.40. | UP Catalyst |