수소 내연기관 기술동향, 응용분야 및 시장 전망 2025-2045

이 보고서에서는 수소 내연기관의 성능과 적용 가능성에 대해 아래와 같은 정보를 제공합니다.

 

분야별 소개 및 전망

- 탈탄소화 교통수단의 대안으로서 H2ICE 의 역사와 맥락

- 현재 및 과거 프로젝트와 최근 기술 개발 동향

- 트럭운송, 건설, 농업, 광업, 자동차, 항공 등 주요 부문별 적용 가능성

- 주요 OEM 및 공급업체의 H2ICE 에 대한 입장

 

H2ICE 의 기술적 측면

- 수소와 탄화수소 연료의 물리적 차이점 및 연소특성

- 수소 엔진의 공기/연료 비율 및 분사 전략

 

테일파이프 배출

- H2ICE 의 열 질소산화물 생성 메커니즘

- 엔진 파라미터가 질소산화물 생성에 미치는 영향

- 배기가스 재순환, 선택적 촉매환원 등 후처리 시스템

- 현재 및 향후 규제의 맥락에서 H2ICE 차량의 NOx 성능평가

 

연료로서의 수소

- 친환경 H2 수전해기를 포함한 수소 생산 방법

- 기존 연료와의 비교를 포함한 생산, 유통 및 충전 비용

- 전세계 수소 충전소의 유통 기술 및 현황

- 350bar, 700bar, 수냉식 및 극저온식 등 차량내 저장 옵션

- 저장 방법별 성능

- 수소전지 전기차와의 비교를 포함한 실제 수소연료 소비량 비교

- 수소전기차 및 BEV 와 비교한 H2ICE 의 에너지 집약도

 

시장전망

- 차량 대수 및 시장 가치 예측을 포함한 주요 부문별 H2ICE 전망

 

이 보고서에서 다루는 주요 내용/목차는 아래와 같습니다.

 

1. 핵심 요약

2. 수소 내연기관 개요

3. 분야별 H2ICE 전망 : 트럭운송, 건설, 농업, 광업, 자동차, 항공 산업

4. H2ICE 기술 동향

5. H2ICE 테일파이프 배출 (Nox 포함)

6. 연료로서의 수소 : 생산 및 비용, 유통 및 급유, 온보드 저장, 연료 소비 및 주행 거리, 수소 취화성

7. 시장 전망

 

For over a century, internal combustion engines have reigned supreme in the automotive sector. Cars, buses, trucks, excavators, ships, and airplanes have all relied on complex machinery to harness the explosive force of combustion, translating it into motion through a sophisticated interplay of components including pistons, carburetors, camshafts, flywheels, differentials, and wheels. While internal combustion engines (ICEs) have long been the cornerstone of the automotive industry, mounting concerns about their carbon emissions have fueled a push for alternative "emissions-free" solutions.

 

The battery electric vehicle (BEV) presents a radical shake-up of the industry with its simple yet powerful setup that harnesses electricity from a battery to propel a motor, resulting in superior drivetrain efficiencies and zero tailpipe emissions. The phenomenal growth of BEV sales, especially in the passenger car market, has been aided by governments across the world calling time on ICEs and setting deadlines for the end of their production. However, the BEV is still hampered by issues of limited range, underdeveloped infrastructure, and expensive batteries. These are improving but still present a barrier to adoption, particularly in the most demanding automotive sectors (such as construction and long-haul trucking).

 

Amid growing concerns, the quest for alternative solutions persists, with some industry players optimistic about the potential to sustain the combustion engine. Hydrogen internal combustion engines (H2ICE) operate on gaseous, carbon-free hydrogen instead of traditional fuels, offering nearly zero tailpipe emissions while leveraging existing engine architecture with some essential modifications. Despite its historical roots in the 1800s, interest in hydrogen engines had previously been on the fringe, with sporadic experimental prototypes. The renewed curiosity in this technology begs the question of whether the transport decarbonization efforts will lead to a breakthrough for H2ICE.

 

The IDTechEx report offers a thorough technical examination of hydrogen engine combustion processes, exploring how hydrogen's chemical properties influence injection strategies and engine operation modes, with a focus on the challenge of minimizing nitrogen oxide (NOx) production to maintain zero-emissions integrity. The report provides a comprehensive assessment of the mechanisms and causes of NOx formation in H2ICE, along with treatment options for the exhaust gas. The air-fuel ratio significantly influences thermal NOx production, driving the rise of lean burn trends in H2ICEs. Current exhaust gas after treatment systems (EATS) for modern diesel vehicles are becoming increasingly intricate and advanced to meet stringent NOx emissions standards. IDTechEx has evaluated various EATS options for H2ICE vehicles, including three-way catalytic converters, lean NOx traps, and selective catalytic reduction (SCR) with urea dosing. Real-world case studies offer insight into how effectively these technologies can limit NOx in H2ICE.

 

While the engine itself may bear a resemblance to a traditional diesel or petrol ICE with some modifications, big differences arise when it comes to storing hydrogen for H2ICE vehicles. Hydrogen is the lightest element in the periodic table, and as such an enormous amount of energy can be contained per kg of weight. However, it is the volumetric energy density that poses a major challenge. At ambient pressure and temperature, diesel contains over 3000 times the energy as an equivalent volume of gaseous hydrogen.

 

 

An H2ICE is also less efficient than an FCEV, so requires more hydrogen per km traveled than a fuel cell vehicle. To achieve a meaningful range for H2ICE vehicles, hydrogen needs to be stored in a more energetically dense format, typically through compression in 350-bar or 700-bar tanks. Additionally, the use of liquid-cooled or cryo-cooled hydrogen is being explored, as it contains more energy per unit volume, although it brings its own significant challenges, such as hydrogen boil-off. Even with liquid hydrogen, the volumetric energy requirements for the fuel alone are greater in liters/km traveled than for H2ICE than a BEV when not considering the tank and cooling equipment required, according to IDTechEx analysis.

 

In view of these challenges, IDTechEx thoroughly evaluates the potential and likelihood of success for H2ICE across various sectors, encompassing passenger cars, aviation, non-road mobile machinery, and goods transportation, each of which poses unique obstacles for decarbonization. The report seeks to provide an insightful analysis of hydrogen ICE, addressing emissions, technical and economic hurdles (including green hydrogen production and distribution costs), and comparisons with established drivetrains such as BEV and FCEV. Additionally, it includes market forecasts for sectors poised for H2ICE vehicle growth and offers commentary on the limited future of hydrogen in other sectors.

 

This report provides a critical and realistic assessment of the performance and applicability of hydrogen internal combustion engines. This includes:

 

 

 

 

 

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