1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS |
1.1. | What is an electric vehicle? |
1.2. | Purpose of this report and overview |
1.3. | Primary conclusions: markets |
1.4. | Primary conclusions: technical |
1.5. | Matching LIB production commitment to EV LIB demand unconstrained by supply |
1.5.1. | Top five LIB megafactories 2019 |
1.6. | Major EV applicational categories compared |
1.7. | Factors driving success of pure electric cars: LIB implications |
1.7.1. | Range drives success: larger batteries demanded |
1.7.2. | Rigged markets boost sales |
1.8. | Very large LIB: growth market now |
1.9. | EV market analysis |
1.9.1. | Largest EV manufacturers hybrid and pure electric and their future |
1.9.2. | Forecast of key electric vehicle categories - units |
1.9.3. | Plug-in passenger car analysis |
1.10. | Plug-in passenger car analysis capacity analysis |
1.10.1. | The key electric vehicle OEMs - battery demands |
1.11. | Outlook of lithium-ion battery demand (GWh) |
1.11.1. | Forecast of LIB demand from electric vehicles |
1.12. | 100 EV categories: forecasting assumptions, characteristics, leaders |
1.12.1. | Forecasts for cars vary greatly |
1.13. | How to get EV cost down |
1.13.1. | LIB battery pack cost 2005-2030 |
1.13.2. | IDTechEx LIB cell cost forecast by application |
1.13.3. | Killer blow is lower up-front price as LIB cost reduces |
1.14. | LIB fires in EVs and road to improvement |
2. | INTRODUCTION |
2.1. | Electric vehicle basics |
2.1.1. | Overview |
2.1.2. | How powertrains affect Li-ion battery needs |
2.2. | EV battery basics |
2.2.1. | What does 1 kilowatt-hour (kWh) look like? |
2.2.2. | Lithium-ion batteries are a huge success |
2.2.3. | Battery essential parameters - breakdown of LIB production costs |
2.2.4. | Advantages of Li-ion batteries |
2.2.5. | Problems with LIB |
2.3. | Chinese EV battery value chain |
2.4. | Impact of subsidy policies on the Li-ion market |
2.5. | National Plan for xEV battery in China: much better LIB performance demanded |
2.6. | LIB are part of the trend to far less complexity |
2.7. | More rugged versions needed now |
2.7.1. | New markets |
2.8. | Li-ion battery recycling |
2.9. | Progress to less and no battery |
2.9.1. | Business case Nikola fuel cell truck |
2.9.2. | For the Class 8 trucks will fuel cell or battery win? |
3. | LITHIUM-ION TECHNOLOGY |
3.1. | A family tree of batteries - Lithium-based |
3.2. | LIB chemistries for electric cars |
3.3. | Commercial battery packaging technologies |
3.4. | Comparison of commercial battery packaging technologies |
3.5. | Battery chemistry influence on charge/ discharge |
3.6. | Useful charts for performance comparison |
3.7. | Li-ion raw materials in perspective |
3.8. | How can LIBs be improved? |
3.8.1. | Overview |
3.8.2. | Push and pull factors in Li-ion research |
3.8.3. | Appraisal of cathode chemistry changes: nickel up cobalt down |
3.8.4. | Changing too fast? |
3.9. | Performance goes up, cost goes down |
3.10. | LIB cost |
3.10.1. | General Motors' view on battery prices |
3.11. | Trying to catch Tesla: car battery formats and types |
3.12. | Charging with vehicle moving and energy independence means less battery |
3.13. | Structural batteries? |
3.14. | Lack of standardisation in terms of battery packs |
3.15. | Dry processes for higher energy density |
4. | INCREASING ENERGY DENSITY |
4.1. | Energy density in context |
4.2. | Better batteries with a wider cell voltage |
4.3. | Greater electrode capacity |
4.4. | Electrochemically inactive materials reduce energy density |
4.5. | Anode Advancements: Pure silicon, silicon-dominant, silicon-rich, graphite-dominant anode materials |
4.6. | Benchmark comparison of 11 Silicon-based battery companies |
4.7. | Beyond Li-ion: new battery chemistries |
4.8. | Non-commercial new battery technologies |
4.9. | Technology evaluation: polymer vs. LLZO vs. LATP vs. LGPS |
4.10. | What is a solid-state battery (SSB)? |
4.11. | How can solid-state batteries increase performance? |
4.11.1. | Solid state battery collaborations / acquisitions by OEMs |
4.11.2. | Close stacking |
4.12. | Quantitative Energy density improvements |
4.13. | Energy Density Requirements |
4.14. | NMC 811 takes to the road |
5. | SUPERCAPACITORS VS LIB |
5.1. | Supercapacitors and LIB hybrids |
5.2. | Even better batteries and supercapacitors are a real prospect: future W/kg vs Wh/kg |
5.3. | Supercapacitors in the automotive sector: examples |
5.4. | Powertrain penetration |
5.5. | Supercapacitors in the on-road automotive sector 2010-2030 |
5.6. | Performance enhancement and multi-purposing |
5.7. | Supercapacitor buses |
5.8. | Drayage trucks -LIB in USA or supercapacitor in China? |
5.9. | Structural supercapacitors ZapGo, Lamborghini, Volvo: can LIB follow? |
6. | THERMAL MANAGEMENT AND FIRE PREVENTION FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLE BATTERIES |
6.1. | Battery Thermal Management - Introduction |
6.2. | Cell chemistry impact thermal runaway likelihood |
6.3. | Analysis of battery cooling methods |
6.4. | Is tab cooling a solution? |
6.5. | Thermal management - pack and module overview |
6.6. | Thermal Interface Material (TIM) - pack and module overview |
6.7. | TIM - Options and market comparison |
6.8. | TIM: the silicone dilemma |
6.9. | TIM: the conductive players |
6.10. | TIM: silicone alternatives |
6.11. | Insulating cell-to-cell foams |
6.12. | Heat spreaders or interspersed cooling plates - pouches and prismatic |
6.13. | Active cell-to-cell cooling solutions - cylindrical |
6.14. | TIM: Phase Change Materials |
6.15. | Immersion cooling |
6.16. | Fire protection - introduction |
6.16.1. | Ongoing lithium-ion fires and explosions |
6.16.2. | Wrong charging: Porsche, Smart |
6.17. | Next Li-ion failures and production delays due to cutting corners? |
6.18. | Thermal runaway prevention - overview |
6.18.1. | Thermal runaway prevention - cylindrical cell-to-cell |
6.18.2. | Thermal runaway prevention - cylindrical cell-to-cell |
6.19. | Prevention of battery shorting |
7. | LIB MANUFACTURE |
7.1. | What sets the battery industry apart |
7.2. | Differences between cell, module, and pack |
7.3. | EV supply chain - not just electrochemistry |
7.4. | LIB manufacturing system |
7.5. | LIB manufacturing system - from cell to module |
7.6. | LIB manufacturing system - from module to pack |
7.7. | Battery pilot line and scale-up issues |
7.8. | The need for a dry room |
7.9. | Electrode slurry mixing |
7.10. | Stacking methods |
7.11. | World leader: CATL China |
8. | SECOND-LIFE OF ELECTRIC VEHICLE BATTERIES |
8.1. | Retired electric vehicle batteries can have a second-life before being recycled |
8.2. | Timeline of battery second use implementations |
8.3. | Main companies involved in battery second use |
8.4. | Regulatory landscape for battery second use |
8.5. | Battery second use connects the electric vehicle and battery recycling value chains |
8.6. | Target markets for second-life batteries |