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Flexible, Printed and Thin Film Batteries 2015-2025: Technologies, Forecasts, Players
Applications in wearable devices, healthcare and cosmetics, Internet of Things, RFID, smart packaging and more
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Form factor is becoming a major driver shaping innovation and transforming the energy storage industry globally. This is fueled by the emergence of new market categories such as wearable electronic devices and Internet of Things, which demand thinness and flexibility. These new market categories will help the market for thin and flexible batteries reach $460 million in 2026.
Thin, flexible or printed batteries have commercially existed for more than ten years. Traditionally, the micro-power thin and printed batteries were used in skin patches, RFID tags and smart cards. Today, however, the composition of the target market is undergoing drastic change driven by the emergence of new addressable market categories. This trend has enticed many large players to enter the foray, starting to transform a business landscape that was once populated predominantly by small firms.
The change in target markets is inevitably driving change in the technology landscape too. This means that the market in 2026 will look vastly different from that in 2014, both on the technology and market level. Technology and markets that are major contributes today will have a small role to play, while new segments and technology will grow to dominate this sector. This change is shown in the figure below.
Figure 1: The market composition for thin film, flexible or printed technology storage devices is drastically transforming
Source: IDTechEx
IDTechEx provides detailed technology assessment and benchmarking, ten-year market forecasts segmented by application and technology type, and detailed interview-based business intelligence and profiles on key players and large end users.
In this study IDTechEx has drawn upon at least 35 direct interviews and visits with key suppliers and large end users from a variety of sectors and years of accumulated experience and market knowledge for the end use applications such as active RFIDs, smart cards, skin patches, smart packaging and recently wearables. Our team working on this project is highly technical, enabling it to fully understand the merits and challenges of each technology in this complex landscape.
Complex Landscape to Navigate
The market and technology landscape is complex. There are no black-and-white and clear technology winners and the definition of market requirements is in a constant state of flux.
Indeed, on the technology side, there are many solutions that fall within the broad category of thin film, flexible or printed batteries. These include printed batteries, ultra-thin lithium batteries, thin-film lithium polymer batteries, lithium-ion batteries with special features and thin flexible supercapacitors. It is therefore confusing technology landscape to navigate and betting on the right technology is not straightforward.
On the market side, many applications are still emerging and the requirements are fast evolving. The target markets are also very diverse and not overlapping, each with different requirements for power, lifetime, thinness, cost, charging cycles, reliability, flexibility, etc. This diversity of requirements means that no thin film battery solution offers a one-size-fits-all solution.
Figure 2: Applications of thin, flexible and printed batteries
Source: IDTechEx
Applications
In general, wearable electronics is a major growth area for thin film and flexible batteries. Conventional secondary batteries may meet the energy requirements of wearable devices, but they struggle to achieve flexibility, thinness and light weight. These new market requirements open up the space for energy storage solutions with novel form factors. Indeed, the majority of thin film battery companies tell us that they have on-going projects in the wearable technology field. High-energy thin film batteries have the highest potential here followed by printed rechargeable zinc battery provided the latter can improve.
The healthcare sector is also a promising target market. Skin patches using printed batteries are already a commercial reality while IDTechEx anticipates that the market for disposable medical devices requiring micro-power batteries will also expand. Here, printed zinc batteries have the highest potential but price needs to continue falling before a higher market uptake takes place. Here too, new form factors will be the key differentiator compared to the high-volume incumbents such as coin cell batteries.
Medical diagnostic devices, medical sensors and memory backups are also promising markets. Here, LiPON-based thin lithium batteries deliver most value as these applications require stable power sources with extreme safety, long life time and high capacity. However, the current thin battery technology is not mature enough yet to be applied straightaway. Wireless sensors/networks application is another important trend. Here, there is a trend to combine energy harvesting with thin batteries with superior form factors.
Active and battery-assisted passive RFID is also a potential target market although coin-cells are the main solutions unless there is a stringent requirement for laminar or flexible design such as in car plates. It is also in these small niches that thin film batteries might find place.
Smart cards also remain an attractive sector and several thin film battery technologies have been optimised to meet the lamination requirements for card manufacture. The price is however too steep and lifetime too low for primary batteries (and charging challenging for secondary ones) to enable widespread market penetration. The emerging of online and mobile banking carries a long-term threat of substitution.
Technology Assessment
IDTechEx provides a detailed assessment of all the key energy storage technologies that fall under the broad category of thin film, flexible or printed batteries. It provides a critical and quantitative analysis and benchmarks different solutions.
Market Forecasts
IDTechEx has developed detailed and granular market forecasts segmented by technology type as well as end use applications. These forecasts are based on (a) primary information obtained through our direct interview programme with suppliers and end users, attending conferences globally and also organising our own conferences on wearable technologies, RFIDs and printed electronics; and (b) a critical technical assessment of competing technologies.
The technologies and end use applications covered are:
End uses
• RFID
• Smart Card
• Wireless Sensor(s)/Networks
• Smart Packaging
• Medical & Cosmetic Disposable
• Medical Device
• Interactive Media, Toys, Games, Cards
• Wearable (Non-Medical)
• Backup Power
• Portable Electronics
• Energy Harvesting
• Others
Technologies
• Printed Battery
• Ultra-Thin Lithium Battery
• Thin-Film Lithium Polymer Battery
• Lithium-Ion Battery with Special Features
• Thin Flexible Supercapacitor
Business Intelligence
IDTechEx has interviewed and profiled 35 suppliers and end users. In addition, IDTechEx has also listed and described 60 companies.
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| 1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS |
| 1.1. | Definition |
| 1.1. | Future directions of battery development |
| 1.1. | Values in the thin film batteries |
| 1.2. | Changes towards wearable devices |
| 1.2. | Application roadmap |
| 1.2. | Value propositions |
| 1.3. | Future directions for battery development |
| 1.3. | IDTechEx forecast of the market for wearable technology in 2024 |
| 1.3. | Flexible cable-type lithium ion battery |
| 1.4. | LG Chem's stepped battery |
| 1.4. | Segments of the emerging wearable technology market, almost all needing energy storage. Largest markets for the coming decade are shown in red |
| 1.4. | Application markets |
| 1.5. | The emergence of wearables |
| 1.5. | Shapes of battery: advantages and disadvantages |
| 1.5. | Curved battery developed by LG Chem |
| 1.5.1. | Flexible, compact batteries are required for the new generation of wearable devices |
| 1.6. | Terraced batteries used for new MacBook |
| 1.6. | Current opportunity, market size and profitability |
| 1.6. | LG Chem's offerings to the wearable market |
| 1.7. | Apple's approach to wearable technology |
| 1.7. | Summary of the EnFilm™ rechargeable thin film lithium battery |
| 1.7. | Apple's patent of flexible battery pack |
| 1.8. | Curved batteries developed by Samsung SDI |
| 1.8. | Advantages and disadvantages of some options for supplying electricity to small devices |
| 1.8. | Samsung SDI — never falling behind |
| 1.9. | Nokia's contribution |
| 1.9. | Market forecast for thin, flexible and printed batteries in US $ millions 2014-2026 |
| 1.9. | Samsung SDI showed their new flexible, rollable battery at InterBattery 2014 |
| 1.10. | Nokia's rollable battery |
| 1.10. | Total value (in US $million) of thin, flexible and printed batteries 2014-2026 by application |
| 1.10. | Limited production—STMicroelectronics |
| 1.11. | Showa Denko Packaging / Semiconductor Energy Laboratory |
| 1.11. | Number of batteries (in million) 2014-2026 |
| 1.11. | EnFilm: Rechargeable thin film lithium battery |
| 1.12. | Structure of ultra-thin lithium-ion battery developed by Showa Denko Packaging |
| 1.12. | Total value of thin, flexible and printed batteries 2014-2026 by battery type (US $million) |
| 1.12. | New design strategies make batteries flexible and wearable |
| 1.13. | New possibilities with improved technology |
| 1.13. | Different shapes of the ultra-thin lithium-ion battery. |
| 1.14. | Flexible battery developed by Semiconductor Energy Laboratory |
| 1.14. | Challenges with thin, flexible and printed batteries |
| 1.15. | Threats that thin flexible printed batteries face |
| 1.15. | Energy Storage for Smart and Portable Electronic Devices within the Energy Storage Space |
| 1.16. | Wearable device CFx battery could last more than 10 years |
| 1.16. | Opportunities for thin and flexible battery providers |
| 1.17. | Market forecast: 2014-2026 |
| 1.17. | Pie chart of single use batteries, rechargeable batteries and supercapacitors value sales in 2013 |
| 1.17.1. | Market forecast 2014-2026 by application |
| 1.17.2. | Forecast 2014-2026 by number of units (million) |
| 1.17.3. | Market forecast 2014-2026 by battery type |
| 1.18. | Opportunities for thin film battery players |
| 1.18. | Market by territory |
| 1.19. | Chances for the material providers |
| 1.19. | Total value (in US $million) of thin, flexible and printed batteries 2014-2026 by application |
| 1.20. | Number of batteries (in million) 2014-2026 |
| 1.21. | Market by application in 2014 (top) and 2026 (bottom) |
| 1.22. | Total value of thin, flexible and printed batteries 2014-2026 by battery type (US $million) |
| 2. | BACKGROUND OF BATTERY KNOWLEDGE |
| 2.1. | Battery characteristics regarding different chemistries |
| 2.1. | Construction of battery cells |
| 2.1. | What is a battery? |
| 2.2. | Primary vs secondary batteries (single use vs. rechargeable batteries) |
| 2.2. | Power in use vs duty cycle for portable and mobile devices showing zones of use of single use vs rechargeable batteries. Here EV = Pure Electric Vehicle, HEV = Hybrid Electric Vehicle |
| 2.2. | Nominal parameters of selected rechargeable battery chemistries |
| 2.3. | Volumetric energy density vs gravimetric energy density for rechargeable batteries |
| 2.3. | Popular chemistries and shapes |
| 3. | WHY IS THE BATTERY DEVELOPMENT SO SLOW? |
| 3.1. | Specifications for a number of selective battery systems |
| 3.1. | A big obstacle—energy density |
| 3.1. | Energy densities for a number of different materials/systems |
| 3.2. | How a lithium-ion battery works |
| 3.2. | Intrinsic disadvantages |
| 3.3. | Extra components |
| 3.3. | Development of li-ion battery energy density since 1991 |
| 4. | LITHIUM-BASED THIN BATTERIES |
| 4.1. | Typical active RFID tag showing the problematic coin cells |
| 4.1. | Chemistries |
| 4.2. | Laminar lithium metal & lithium-ion batteries |
| 4.2. | Radar chart of common cathodes used in lithium-ion batteries |
| 4.2. | Nomenclature for lithium-based rechargeable batteries |
| 4.2.1. | Construction of an ultra-thin lithium battery |
| 4.2.2. | Ultra-thin battery—NanoEnergy® |
| 4.2.3. | Ilika thin film batteries |
| 4.2.4. | Batteries still working after being cut, punched, bent, etc. |
| 4.2.5. | Micro-Batteries suitable for integration |
| 4.2.6. | CEA Liten |
| 4.2.7. | Flexible lithium-ion battery from QinetiQ |
| 4.3. | Comparison of lithium-based cathodes and economies of scale for different electrode chemistries |
| 4.3. | Schematic diagram of (a) Li ion batteries; (b) Li metal batteries; (c) the typical morphology of Li dendrites and the main problems related to dendrites and low Columbic efficiency. |
| 4.3. | Lithium polymer batteries |
| 4.3.1. | Construction differences |
| 4.3.2. | Flexion from Solicore |
| 4.3.3. | IGMBPOW |
| 4.4. | Players of ultra-thin lithium rechargeable batteries. |
| 4.4. | Construction of a ultra-thin battery |
| 4.5. | Ultra-thin lithium rechargeable battery from Front Edge Technology |
| 4.5. | Trend of materials and processes of lithium ultra-thin film battery in different companies |
| 4.6. | Advantages and disadvantages of selected materials |
| 4.6. | A NanoEnergy® is powering a blue LED. Inset shows sectional scanning electron microscope image |
| 4.7. | Comparison of stacked battery structures based on different technologies |
| 4.7. | Performance comparison of various solid-state Li batteries |
| 4.8. | The standard product specifications of FLCB Ultra-thin series |
| 4.8. | Ilika's micro-cells |
| 4.9. | Flexible FLCB battery with improved safety |
| 4.9. | Specifications of Flexion from Solicore |
| 4.10. | The Cymbet EnerChip™ |
| 4.11. | Laminar lithium ion battery developed by CEA Liten |
| 4.12. | Flexible lithium-ion cells patented by QinetiQ |
| 4.13. | Construction of a rechargeable lithium polymer laminar battery |
| 4.14. | Reel to reel construction of rechargeable laminar lithium batteries |
| 4.15. | Flexion ™ |
| 4.16. | GMB curved batteries |
| 5. | PRINTED SINGLE-USE BATTERIES |
| 5.1. | Construction |
| 5.1. | Series Connection of Batteries. (a) A single cell delivering 1.5 V and (b) chains of 4 batteries delivering 6.0 V |
| 5.2. | Typical construction of a Carbon/Zinc MnO2 Battery |
| 5.2. | Fraunhofer ENAS |
| 5.2. | The half-cell and overall chemical reactions that occur in a Zn/MnO2 battery |
| 5.3. | SoftBattery® from Enfucell & Kunshan Printed Electronics |
| 5.3. | Printed batteries from Fraunhofer ENAS |
| 5.4. | Structure of the printed battery and typical discharge characteristics |
| 5.4. | Blue Spark batteries |
| 5.5. | FlexEL LLC |
| 5.5. | Enfucell SoftBattery® and the same battery produced by Kunshan Printed Electronics |
| 5.6. | Blue Spark ultra-thin batteries |
| 5.6. | Paper batteries from Rocket Electric |
| 5.7. | Thin and flexible battery from Flexel |
| 5.8. | Rocket Electric paper batteries |
| 6. | PRINTED RECHARGEABLE BATTERY |
| 6.1. | Battery that incorporates energy harvesting |
| 6.1. | Architecture of the ZincPoly™ battery from Imprint Energy |
| 6.2. | Printed rechargeable zinc-based batteries from Imprint Energy |
| 6.2. | Rechargeable ZincPolyTM from Imprint Energy |
| 6.3. | Screen printed secondary zinc/nickel metal hydride batteries |
| 6.3. | Schematic drawing of the printed NiMH battery |
| 6.4. | Printed NiMH battery-cell collector, anode cathode and seal |
| 6.5. | Sequence for assembling a NiMH stack type battery |
| 7. | TECHNOLOGY COMPARISON AND BENCHMARKING |
| 7.1. | The spectrum of choice of technologies for laminar batteries |
| 7.2. | Comparison for different battery systems/types |
| 7.3. | Thin film and printed battery product and specification comparison |
| 8. | BATTERIES WITH SPECIAL FEATURES |
| 8.1. | 3D printed lithium-ion micro-batteries |
| 8.1. | Schematic illustration of 3D interdigitated microbattery fabrication processes |
| 8.2. | Interlaced stack of electrodes 3D printed layer by layer to create the working anode and cathode of a micro-batter |
| 8.2. | Needle battery from Panasonic |
| 8.3. | Stretchable lithium-ion battery |
| 8.3. | Needle battery is only 20 mm long with a diameter of 3.5 mm. |
| 8.4. | Places that needle battery could fit |
| 8.4. | Bendable lithium-based battery |
| 8.5. | Transparent batteries |
| 8.5. | Stretchable lithium ion battery |
| 8.6. | Flexible kirigami lithium-ion battery developed by Arizona State University |
| 8.6. | Flexible nanotube ink battery |
| 8.7. | Three possible kirigami patterns |
| 8.8. | Flexible, transparent battery developed by Waseda University |
| 8.9. | Transparent and flexible Lithium-ion battery developed |
| 8.10. | Flexible battery made of nanotube ink |
| 9. | PRODUCTION FACILITIES FOR PRINTED BATTERIES |
| 9.1. | Throughput vs. feature size for typical production processes |
| 9.2. | Screen printing of Blue Spark Technology flexible, sealed, Zn/MnO2 batteries |
| 9.2. | Comparison between inkjet printing and screen printing |
| 9.3. | Some examples of monofilament polyester mesh count silk screen printing fabrics |
| 9.3. | Lab scale screen printing facility in Imprint Energy |
| 10. | OTHER LAMINAR AND FLEXIBLE ENERGY STORAGE |
| 10.1. | Laminar fuel cells |
| 10.1. | Comparison of the three types of capacitor when storing one kilojoule of energy. |
| 10.1. | Conformable fuel cell |
| 10.2. | Conformable Fuel Cell Sticker ™ |
| 10.2. | Substitution from - thin, flexible supercapacitors? |
| 10.2.1. | What is a capacitor |
| 10.2.2. | Capacitor construction |
| 10.2.3. | Supercapacitors = ultracapacitors |
| 10.3. | Flexible, paper and transparent supercapacitors |
| 10.3. | Comparison of construction diagrams of three basic types of capacitor. Left: traditional electrostatic capacitor. Middle: electrolytic capacitor. Right: electrochemical double-layer capacitor, the most popular form of supercapacit |
| 10.3.1. | Paper Battery Company Inc. |
| 10.3.2. | Printed supercapacitors |
| 10.3.3. | Battery-like supercapacitor — no lithium required |
| 10.3.4. | University of Minnesota |
| 10.3.5. | University of Southern California |
| 10.3.6. | Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute USA |
| 10.3.7. | Woven wearable supercapacitors |
| 10.4. | A new threat to batteries? |
| 10.4. | Energy density vs power density for storage devices |
| 10.5. | Where the supercapacitors fit in |
| 10.6. | Trends on multifunctionality and how supercapacitors could improve battery performance |
| 10.7. | First generation product: PowerWrapper™ |
| 10.8. | Left: Supercapacitor printed on cardboard; Right: Roko pilot scale printing machine |
| 10.9. | Thin film battery-like supercapacitor |
| 10.10. | Flexible supercapacitor |
| 10.11. | Flexible, transparent supercapacitors - bend and twist them like a poker card |
| 10.12. | The UCLA printed supercapacitor technologies on a ragone plot |
| 10.13. | Laminar supercapacitor one millimetre thick |
| 11. | APPLICATIONS OF THIN, FLEXIBLE, PRINTED BATTERIES/SUPERCAPACITORS |
| 11.1. | Wearables |
| 11.1. | Applications of thin, flexible and printed batteries |
| 11.1.1. | Infotainment-smart watch and bracelet |
| 11.1.2. | Emerging needs for laminar batteries |
| 11.2. | Some examples of marketing thrust for laminar batteries |
| 11.2. | Internet of things (IoT) |
| 11.2. | Composition of a Jawbone Up. The rechargeable battery can last up to 10 days of use on a single charge. |
| 11.2.1. | Powered smart cards |
| 11.2.2. | From RFID to Sensors and WSN |
| 11.2.3. | Combination with energy harvesting |
| 11.3. | Power supply options for WSN |
| 11.3. | Smart and portable devices |
| 11.3. | Wrist-worn developed by FlexTech Alliance and imprint Energy project |
| 11.3.1. | Flexible thin battery possibilities |
| 11.4. | Typical specifications for a CR2032 lithium coin battery (ENERGIZER) |
| 11.4. | Great potential growth in pharmaceutical, medical, cosmetic, fitness and wellness applications |
| 11.4. | Another application that thin and flexible battery is thermal shoe heater |
| 11.4.1. | Medical disposables |
| 11.4.2. | Medical devices |
| 11.4.3. | Example—pharmaceutical imebox |
| 11.5. | Total market for e-packaging devices 2014-2024 in millions of units, unit value and total value |
| 11.5. | Thin film batteries in smart packaging and advertising |
| 11.5. | MeCam Wearable cameras |
| 11.6. | Battery assisted passive (BAP) RFID temperature sensor—powered by Blue Spark battery |
| 11.6. | Real time clock backup, SRAM backup and microcontroller (MCU) |
| 11.6. | Case studies of power for smart packaging |
| 11.7. | Other applications |
| 11.7. | Power requirements of small devices |
| 11.8. | Major components of an autonomous wireless sensor which are the energy harvesting transducer, energy processing, sensor, microcontroller and the wireless radio |
| 11.9. | Corning's flexible willow glass and Samsung's flexible OLED |
| 11.10. | Flexible electronics |
| 11.11. | Left: Transdermal Patch Applications for drug delivery, powered by Blue Spark batteries; Right: VTT'S galvanic skin treatment patch |
| 11.12. | Thin film battery application in Iontophoresis patches |
| 11.13. | Skin patches electronically communicating to skin patches powered by laminar batteries, coin cells being unacceptable |
| 11.14. | Smart packaging used for Starbucks |
| 11.15. | VTT's brand advertising display. Right is an example of commercial application integrated into Lindström's towel dispensers. |
| 11.16. | Audio Paper™ |
| 11.17. | Solid State Battery EnerChip from Cymbet used in MUC backup |
| 11.18. | Thin film batteries used for greeting cards |
| 11.19. | Smart business card powered by Enfucell |
| 12. | GLOBAL PLAYERS WITH DESCRIPTIONS |
| 13. | END-USER INTERVIEWS |
| 13.1. | adidas |
| 13.2. | Amcor |
| 13.3. | Colgate-Palmolive Company |
| 13.4. | De La Rue |
| 13.5. | DECATHLON |
| 13.6. | Diageo |
| 13.7. | MeadWestvaco Corporation |
| 13.8. | Procter & Gamble |
| 13.9. | RR Donnelley |
| 13.10. | Unilever |
| 14. | COMPANY PROFILES |
| 14.1. | Blue Spark Technologies, USA |
| 14.1. | TempTraq, a wearable Bluetooth thermometer powered by Blue Spark Technologies' battery |
| 14.2. | Thin-film solid-state batteries by Excellatron |
| 14.2. | Enfucell Oy Ltd. |
| 14.3. | Excellatron Solid State LLC. |
| 14.3. | Ultra low cost printed battery |
| 14.4. | From left to right, top to bottom: Printed battery; Kwizzcard; Prelonic produces integrated and printed electronic modules; and printed battery tester |
| 14.4. | FlexEl LLC |
| 14.5. | Fraunhofer Institute for Electronic Nano Systems (ENAS) |
| 14.6. | Front Edge Technology, USA |
| 14.7. | Fullriver Battery New Technology Co.,Ltd. |
| 14.8. | Huizhou Markyn New Energy Co.,Ltd |
| 14.9. | Imprint Energy |
| 14.10. | Kunshan Printed Electronics Co., Ltd. |
| 14.11. | LG Chem |
| 14.12. | Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
| 14.13. | NEC |
| 14.14. | Oak Ridge National Laboratory USA |
| 14.15. | Paper Battery Company |
| 14.16. | Prelonic Technologies |
| 14.17. | ProLogium |
| 14.18. | Rocket Electric |
| 14.19. | Samsung |
| 14.20. | Solicore |
| 14.21. | STMicroelectronics |
| 14.22. | VTT |
| 15. | GLOSSARY |
| 16. | ABBREVIATIONS |
| IDTECHEX RESEARCH REPORTS AND CONSULTANCY | |
| TABLES | |
| FIGURES |
The market for thin, flexible and/or printed batteries will increase to over $460m by 2026
보고서 통계
| Pages | 212 |
|---|---|
| Tables | 35 |
| Figures | 106 |
| 전망 | 2026 |
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