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| 1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS |
| 1.1. | LEV number in thousands 2012-2023 |
| 1.1. | LEV number, unit value in dollars ex-factory and total global market value 2012-2023 |
| 1.1. | Forecast for numbers of LEVs sold globally to 2025 |
| 1.2. | Pricing |
| 1.2. | LEV unit value in dollars ex-factory 2012-2023 |
| 1.3. | LEV total global market value in dollar billions 2012-2023 |
| 1.3. | Market value forecast |
| 1.4. | Reasons for growth |
| 1.4.1. | Competition and profitability |
| 1.4.2. | Opportunities |
| 1.4.3. | Typical requirement |
| 1.5. | The USA Electric Bicycle market by Ed Benjamin, eCycleElectric |
| 1.6. | Effect of 2015 oil price collapse on electric vehicles |
| 1.7. | Electric vehicle end game: free non-stop road travel |
| 2. | CAR-LIKE VEHICLES NOT HOMOLOGATED AS CARS: MICROEV, QUADRICYCLE, E TRIKE, NEV, GOLF CAR |
| 2.1. | Many names, common factors |
| 2.1. | Car-like vehicles not homologated as cars, in the context of two wheelers and Europe. Love them or hate them? |
| 2.1. | Listing of manufacturers beyond golf cars |
| 2.2. | MicroEV quadricycle forecasts 2012-2023 |
| 2.2. | The Daimler Smart, left, is a mainstream car subject to tax, insurance, crash tests etc. whereas the G-Whiz from India, right, is registered as a quadricycle and was the best-selling pure electric car in the UK for ten years with |
| 2.2. | Car-like vehicles that evade restrictions, taxes and other costs |
| 2.3. | Philippines: big new commitments to e trikes |
| 2.3. | Renault Twizy quadricycle which is selling over ten thousand within two years from launch. The standard model has no windows |
| 2.3. | 19 examples of golf EV manufacturers |
| 2.3.1. | Terra Motors, Japan |
| 2.4. | Listing of manufacturers beyond golf cars |
| 2.4. | Chinese micro-EV cars in China. Most of them have three wheels |
| 2.4. | Global sales of electric golf cars and motorised caddies in number thousands, ex-factory unit price in thousands of dollars and total value in billions of dollars 2012-2023, rounded |
| 2.5. | Geographical split of golf EV sales by value 2010, 2015 and 2020 |
| 2.5. | E-trikes |
| 2.5. | Toyota i-ROAD e-trike is a scooter/ MicroEV crossover |
| 2.6. | MicroEV racing cars |
| 2.6. | Terra Motors e-vehicles |
| 2.7. | Toyota i-ROAD e-trike |
| 2.7. | Golf cars |
| 2.7.1. | What is included |
| 2.7.2. | Market drivers |
| 2.7.3. | Listing of manufacturers |
| 2.7.4. | Market forecasts 2012-2023 |
| 2.8. | E-Rex microEV racing car |
| 2.9. | Tonaro golf and general purpose vehicle from China |
| 2.10. | Suzhou Eagle two and four seat golf cars from China |
| 2.11. | Yongkang Fourstar golf vehicles from China |
| 2.12. | Shadong Wuzheng golf cars from China |
| 2.13. | Jinhua Ryder golf car from China |
| 3. | INTRODUCTION TO LIGHT ELECTRIC VEHICLES |
| 3.1. | Definition of a light electric vehicle |
| 3.1. | Chinese Repair in the Street |
| 3.2. | Chinese Ebike Tire Repair |
| 3.2. | How good does it have to be? |
| 3.3. | What retail price? |
| 3.3. | Escooter or Ebike? |
| 3.4. | Traditional Chinese Ebike |
| 3.4. | What is an electric bicycle? |
| 3.4.1. | e-bikes in Europe |
| 3.4.2. | Pedelec |
| 3.4.3. | Power on Demand bikes and other categories |
| 3.4.4. | Electric vehicles for disabled and others |
| 3.4.5. | Power restriction |
| 3.4.6. | Notable regulations |
| 3.5. | Universal Technical Terms for Ebikes |
| 3.5. | Optibike USA "The Ferrari of Electric Bikes" |
| 3.6. | Small French Folding Ebike |
| 3.6. | Choices of LEV |
| 3.6.1. | Rocket drag bike USA |
| 3.6.2. | Ford USA |
| 3.6.3. | Moveo foldable scooter Hungary |
| 3.6.4. | Motorised Skateboard Yuneec China |
| 3.6.5. | Hubless Scooter E'lution EVO Australia |
| 3.7. | The Industry of LEVs |
| 3.7. | DK City db0 Ebike |
| 3.7.1. | Taiwan and China |
| 3.7.2. | Outside Taiwan and China |
| 3.7.3. | Too much cost cutting |
| 3.8. | Tricycles to reduce accidents and help policing |
| 3.8. | Voltitude folding pedelec |
| 3.8.1. | Twikke Europe |
| 3.9. | Chinese domestic ebike left and Currie IZ ViaRapido ebike right |
| 3.10. | Electric motor scooters in China |
| 3.11. | Electric moped by Ultra Motor |
| 3.12. | Electric motorcycle by Vectrix |
| 3.13. | Electric mini scooters by Currie Technologies |
| 3.14. | Segway personal transporter |
| 3.15. | Toyota Winglet personal transporter |
| 3.16. | 3 wheel LEV with windshield and cover |
| 3.17. | The folding Yike Bike from New Zealand |
| 3.18. | Ebike by Ultra Motor A2B |
| 3.19. | LEV Shop Window with ebike. |
| 3.20. | EU small folding ebike |
| 3.21. | Chinese ebike loaded down |
| 3.22. | Chinese ebike rider |
| 3.23. | Chinese ebike with two riders |
| 3.24. | Ebikes used at Chinese factories |
| 3.25. | China LEVs at stop light |
| 3.26. | Ebike Food Delivery for Papa John's in China |
| 3.27. | Ebike food delivery by A2B Ultra Motor |
| 3.28. | LEV four wheeler for seniors - a crossover from LEVs to mobility for the disabled |
| 3.29. | Shawn Lawless Rocket drag bike |
| 3.30. | Ford ebikes |
| 3.31. | Moveo foldable scooter Hungary |
| 3.32. | Yuneec motorised skateboard |
| 3.33. | E'lution hubless push scooter |
| 3.34. | IBD Bloomfield Bikes Ebike Display in CT USA |
| 3.35. | Electric tricycle |
| 3.36. | Examples of three wheel leisure and delivery vehicles promoted at EVS26 in California May 2012 |
| 3.37. | TriBred electric Trikke patrol vehicle and general purpose version |
| 4. | MOBILITY FOR THE DISABLED - THE SECTOR WITH THE MOST COMPELLING AND ENDURING NEED |
| 4.1. | The demographic time-bomb |
| 4.1. | Percentage of dependent elderly 1970 to 2040 |
| 4.1. | Statistics relevant to the challenge to society caused by ageing population |
| 4.1.1. | Ageing population and the dependent elderly |
| 4.1.2. | Laws make mobility easier |
| 4.2. | Types of mobility vehicle |
| 4.2. | New Pihsiang Shoprider pure electric mobility vehicle for the disabled |
| 4.2. | Evolution of three families of powered vehicles for the disabled |
| 4.2.1. | Growth by new market segments |
| 4.2.2. | Interchina Industry Group China |
| 4.2.3. | Solar powered power chair in 2013 |
| 4.3. | Market drivers |
| 4.3. | The Electric Car (INEC-KARO) for the disabled from Interchina Industry Group |
| 4.3. | Evolution of power chairs 1980 to 2010 |
| 4.3.1. | Geographical distribution |
| 4.3.2. | Needs creating new segments |
| 4.3.3. | What is driving regional differences? |
| 4.3.4. | Zhejiang R&P Industry China |
| 4.3.5. | Pride Mobility, USA |
| 4.3.6. | Toyota Japan |
| 4.4. | Listing of manufacturers |
| 4.4. | Solar powered power chair vehicle for the mobility impaired |
| 4.4. | Evolution of scooters for the disabled 1980 to 2010 |
| 4.5. | The continental percentage split of markets for vehicles for the disabled by value in 2010 |
| 4.5. | Zhejiang R&P Industry ES 413 |
| 4.5. | Market forecasts 2012-2022 |
| 4.5.1. | Growth by creating new markets |
| 4.6. | Pride Jazzy - making new things possible |
| 4.6. | The percentage split of market for vehicles for the disabled by country within Europe |
| 4.7. | The numbers in thousands of scooters plus power chairs that were and will be sold in Europe 2005 to 2015 |
| 4.7. | Toyota single seat enclosed vehicle for disabled mobility Nagoya October 2014 |
| 4.8. | Features of mobility vehicles that may hold up the price by offering more in future |
| 4.9. | The percentage distribution of manufacture between Taiwan and Mainland China by value of vehicles for the disabled 2005, 2010 and 2015 |
| 4.10. | Market for EVs for the disabled by geographical region, ex works pricing and percentage split in 2005, 2010 and 2020 |
| 4.11. | 82 examples of manufacturers of EVs for the disabled by country |
| 4.12. | Global sales of EVs used as mobility aids for the disabled by number, ex-factory unit price in thousands of dollars and total value in billions of dollars, 2012-2023, rounded |
| 5. | LEV TECHNOLOGIES |
| 5.1. | Battery Technology - as currently used in LEVs, on a pack level |
| 5.1. | Battery pack interiors |
| 5.1.1. | SVRLA strengths and weaknesses |
| 5.1.2. | Battery packagers |
| 5.1.3. | Battery Packs from China |
| 5.1.4. | Power management and user interface |
| 5.1.5. | Electric motor controller |
| 5.1.6. | Motor Controls: |
| 5.1.7. | Accessory features: |
| 5.1.8. | Chinese Coin Charger |
| 5.1.9. | Energy harvesting |
| 5.1.10. | User Interface |
| 5.1.11. | Real Time Data Logging and Reporting |
| 5.1.12. | Infrastructure challenges and government incentives |
| 5.2. | Examples of battery suppliers to this sector |
| 5.2. | Controller by Suzhou Bafang |
| 5.2.1. | Advanced Battery Technologies (ABAT) China |
| 5.2.2. | Leyden Energy USA |
| 5.2.3. | PowerGenix USA |
| 5.2.4. | ReVolt Technologies Ltd Switzerland |
| 5.2.5. | Toshiba Japan |
| 5.3. | Lead Acid Battery Charger by High Power |
| 5.4. | Solar parking lot for charging by Sanyo |
| 5.5. | User Interface by Gepida |
| 5.6. | User Interface by BionX |
| 5.7. | UI 1 Photo with phone Interface |
| 5.8. | Toshiba e-bike battery |
| 6. | LEV STANDARDS AND COMPONENT INDUSTRIAL TRENDS |
| 6.1. | Standards Efforts |
| 6.1. | SVRLA battery sizes by Long |
| 6.2. | Transparent battery box |
| 6.2. | Component industry trends |
| 6.3. | LEV electric motor industry |
| 6.3. | Innovative Chinese motor |
| 6.4. | High speed brushless motor by Bafang |
| 6.4. | Controller industry |
| 6.5. | Wiring harness and connectors |
| 6.5. | Typical connector |
| 7. | LEV MARKETS, MARKET DRIVERS AND FORECASTS |
| 7.1. | Markets by territory |
| 7.1. | Example of China exports to the EU |
| 7.1. | World e-bike sales (Units) estimated for 2007-2010 |
| 7.1.1. | China |
| 7.1.2. | Japan |
| 7.1.3. | India |
| 7.1.4. | Europe |
| 7.1.5. | USA |
| 7.1.6. | Worldwide |
| 7.2. | Chinese cities banning or restricting electric bikes. |
| 7.2. | Hero Electric of India Flash Ebike 1 |
| 7.2. | Markets by providers |
| 7.3. | Bicycle Brands with ebikes or expected to have ebikes soon: |
| 7.3. | Pedego |
| 7.3.1. | USA |
| 7.3.2. | European Bike Brands |
| 7.3.3. | Netherlands brands: |
| 7.4. | Electric vehicle energy consumption per passenger kilometer with full occupation. |
| 7.4. | Channels of distribution |
| 7.5. | Market forecasts and drivers |
| 7.6. | Drivers of market |
| 7.6.1. | Fuel price |
| 7.6.2. | Fuel availability |
| 7.6.3. | Efficiency |
| 7.6.4. | Cost of government subsidy |
| 7.6.5. | Traffic congestion |
| 7.6.6. | Parking congestion |
| 7.6.7. | Urbanization |
| 7.6.8. | Air pollution |
| 7.6.9. | Government regulation |
| 7.6.10. | Personal responsibility |
| 7.6.11. | Total cost of ownership |
| 7.6.12. | Aging populations |
| 7.6.13. | Living in apartments |
| 7.6.14. | Negative factors |
| 7.6.15. | Bans in Malaysia and elsewhere? |
| 8. | ELECTRIC SCOOTERS |
| 8.1. | Peugeot e-Vivacity |
| 8.1. | Market dynamics |
| 8.1. | e-scooter number and ex-factory price by region for 2013 compared to the total market for LEVs. |
| 8.2. | Dominated by East Asia for the next decade |
| 8.2. | E-scooter promotion in India |
| 8.2.1. | Brazil |
| 8.2.2. | China |
| 8.2.3. | Europe |
| 8.2.4. | France |
| 8.2.5. | Germany |
| 8.2.6. | India |
| 8.2.7. | Japan |
| 8.2.8. | Taiwan |
| 8.2.9. | Korea |
| 8.3. | Retro scooters |
| 8.3. | Terra motors electric scooter with smartphone |
| 8.4. | Suzuki experimental scooter |
| 8.4. | Push scooters |
| 8.5. | Folding scooters and energy harvesting |
| 8.5. | Sanyo system |
| 8.6. | Kymco two wheel pure electric scooter |
| 8.7. | Leo scooter initially with lithium polymer battery |
| 8.8. | Retro scooters |
| 8.9. | The Kooper scooters |
| 8.10. | KPV scooter |
| APPENDIX 1: LISTINGS OF LEV BRANDS, OEMS, COMPONENT MAKERS | |
| APPENDIX 2: ADDITIONAL REGULATORY SUPPORT | |
| APPENDIX 3: IDTECHEX EV PUBLICATIONS AND CONSULTANCY | |
| TABLES | |
| FIGURES |
| Pages | 246 |
|---|---|
| Tables | 22 |
| Figures | 88 |
| 전망 | 2023 |