Hydro-Québec

In the 1990s, Hydro-Québec (Canada) and 3M (United States) collaborated on cells based on lithium metal foil as the anode, PEO LiClO4/LiN(CF3SO2)2 as the electrolyte, and vanadium oxide (VOx) as the cathode, aiming at the transport sector (EVs); these cell modules displayed 155 KWh/kg specific energy with a cycle life of 600 cycles at 80% depth of discharge (DoD).