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1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
1.1. | Introduction to PFAS |
1.2. | Established application areas for PFAS |
1.3. | Overview of PFAS: segmented by non-polymers vs polymers |
1.4. | Growing concerns about the negative impact of PFAS |
1.5. | A spectrum of PFAS regulations exists globally |
1.6. | Summary of international and national regulations on PFAS |
1.7. | Common PFAS and their level of regulation |
1.8. | Potential universal PFAS restrictions prompting a search for alternatives |
1.9. | Emerging application areas for PFAS |
1.10. | Potential impacts of PFAS regulations on emerging application areas |
1.11. | PFAS in ion exchange membranes (IEMs) |
1.12. | PFAS in IEMs: outlook by application |
1.13. | PFAS in thermal management for data centers |
1.14. | PFAS in electric vehicles (EVs) |
1.15. | PFAS in low-loss materials for 5G |
1.16. | PFAS in sustainable food packaging |
1.17. | Readiness level of PFAS alternatives in emerging applications |
1.18. | Summary and conclusions |
2. | INTRODUCTION TO PFAS |
2.1. | Introduction to PFAS |
2.2. | Where are PFAS used? |
2.3. | PFAS chemicals segmented by non-polymers vs polymers |
2.4. | Non-polymeric PFAS segmented by type |
2.5. | Summary of common PFAS discussed in this report |
3. | REGULATIONS ON PFAS |
3.1. | Introduction to Regulatory Approaches for PFAS |
3.1.1. | Essential-use approach: a shift in regulating chemicals? |
3.1.2. | A spectrum of PFAS regulations exists globally |
3.1.3. | Summary of international and national regulations on PFAS |
3.2. | International Regulations on PFAS |
3.2.1. | Global regulation: Stockholm Convention |
3.2.2. | Global regulation: Stockholm Convention as relevant to PFAS |
3.2.3. | Global regulation: Stockholm Convention as relevant to PFAS |
3.3. | EU Regulations on PFAS |
3.3.1. | EU regulations: three primary methods of regulating PFAS |
3.3.2. | EU regulations: the POPs Regulation |
3.3.3. | EU regulations: substances of very high concern under REACH |
3.3.4. | EU regulations: PFAS being evaluated under REACH for the substances of very high concern list |
3.3.5. | EU regulations: PFAS previously evaluated under REACH for the substances of very high concern list (part 1) |
3.3.6. | EU regulations: PFAS previously evaluated under REACH for the substances of very high concern list (part 2) |
3.3.7. | EU regulations: PFAS polymers and REACH registration |
3.3.8. | EU regulations: substances restricted under Annex XVII of REACH |
3.3.9. | EU regulations: proposed PFAS restrictions under Annex XVII of REACH |
3.3.10. | EU regulations: introduction of the universal PFAS restriction proposal |
3.3.11. | EU regulations: contents of the EU REACH PFAS restriction proposal (1) |
3.3.12. | EU regulations: contents of the EU REACH PFAS restriction proposal (2) |
3.3.13. | EU regulations: contents of the EU REACH PFAS restriction proposal (3) |
3.3.14. | EU regulations: contents of the EU REACH PFAS restriction proposal (4) |
3.3.15. | EU regulations: contents of the EU REACH PFAS restriction proposal (5) |
3.3.16. | EU regulations: contents of the EU REACH PFAS restriction proposal (6) |
3.4. | USA Regulations on PFAS |
3.4.1. | USA regulations: introduction to federal regulations on PFAS |
3.4.2. | USA regulations: Significant New Use Rules (SNURs) on PFAS |
3.4.3. | USA regulations: the TSCA's New Chemicals Program |
3.4.4. | USA regulations: other national-level regulations on PFAS |
3.4.5. | USA regulations: proposed legislation on PFAS |
3.4.6. | USA regulations: state regulations on PFAS |
3.5. | Regulations in Asia-Pacific Countries on PFAS |
3.5.1. | China regulations on PFAS |
3.5.2. | Japan regulations on PFAS |
3.5.3. | Japan regulations on PFAS: exempted uses |
3.5.4. | Taiwan regulations on PFAS |
3.5.5. | South Korea regulations on PFAS |
3.5.6. | India regulations on PFAS |
4. | PFAS IN ION EXCHANGE MEMBRANES |
4.1. | Introduction to Ion Exchange Membranes |
4.1.1. | Ion Exchange Membranes |
4.2. | Proton Exchange Membrane: Fuel Cells & Electrolyzers |
4.2.1. | Introduction to fuel cells |
4.2.2. | PEMFC working principle |
4.2.3. | PEMFC assembly and materials |
4.2.4. | Purpose of the membrane |
4.2.5. | Form factor of the membrane |
4.2.6. | Water management |
4.2.7. | Proton exchange membrane electrolyzer (PEMEL) |
4.2.8. | Outlook for PEMEL membranes |
4.3. | Proton Exchange Membranes |
4.3.1. | Proton exchange membrane overview |
4.3.2. | Chemical structure of PFSA membranes |
4.3.3. | Important material parameters to consider for the membrane |
4.3.4. | Membrane degradation processes overview |
4.3.5. | Overview of PFSA membranes & key players |
4.3.6. | Market leading membrane material: Nafion |
4.3.7. | Nafion properties & grades |
4.3.8. | Pros & cons of Nafion & PFSA membranes |
4.3.9. | Competing membrane materials |
4.3.10. | Property benchmarking of membranes |
4.3.11. | Gore manufacture MEAs |
4.4. | Manufacturing PFSA Membranes |
4.4.1. | PFSA membrane extrusion casting process |
4.4.2. | PFSA membrane solution casting process |
4.4.3. | PFSA membrane dispersion casting process |
4.5. | Innovations in PFSA Membranes |
4.5.1. | Improvements to PFSA membranes |
4.5.2. | Trade-offs in optimizing membrane performance |
4.5.3. | Gore reinforced SELECT membranes |
4.5.4. | Chemours reinforced Nafion membranes |
4.5.5. | Chemours gas recombination catalyst additive research |
4.6. | Alternative PEMs |
4.6.1. | Innovations in PEMFC membranes may influence PEMEL (1/2) |
4.6.2. | Innovations in PEMFC membranes may influence PEMEL (2/2) |
4.6.3. | Alternative polymer materials |
4.6.4. | 1s1 Energy - boron-containing membrane |
4.6.5. | Hydrocarbons as PEM fuel cell membranes |
4.6.6. | Assessment of hydrocarbon membranes |
4.6.7. | Metal-organic frameworks |
4.6.8. | Metal-organic frameworks for membranes: academic research |
4.6.9. | MOF composite membranes |
4.6.10. | Graphene in the membrane |
4.6.11. | Outlook for Proton Exchange Membranes |
4.7. | Catalyst Coated Membranes |
4.7.1. | Membrane electrode assembly (MEA) overview |
4.7.2. | PEMEL vs PEMFC membrane electrode assembly |
4.7.3. | MEA functions & requirements |
4.7.4. | Typical catalyst coated membrane (CCM) |
4.7.5. | CCM production technologies |
4.7.6. | Catalyst ink formulation - key considerations |
4.7.7. | Comparison of coating processes |
4.7.8. | Examples of PFSA resin suppliers |
4.7.9. | Alternatives to PFAS in catalyst coated membranes: an area of need |
4.8. | Redox Flow Batteries |
4.8.1. | Membranes: Redox Flow Batteries (RFBs) |
4.8.2. | PFAS membrane manufacturers for RFBs: Gore |
4.8.3. | PFSA membrane manufacturers for RFBs |
4.8.4. | Alternative materials for RFB membranes |
5. | PFAS IN THERMAL MANAGEMENT FOR DATA CENTERS |
5.1. | Thermal management needs for data centers |
5.2. | Trend of thermal design power (TDP) of GPUs |
5.3. | Overview of cooling methods for data centers |
5.4. | Cooling technology comparison (1) |
5.5. | Cooling technology comparison (2) |
5.6. | Coolant comparison |
5.7. | Liquid cooling - direct-to-chip/cold plate and immersion cooling |
5.8. | Liquid cooling - single-phase and two-phase |
5.9. | Comparison of liquid cooling technologies |
5.10. | Coolant fluid comparison |
5.11. | Two phase immersion cooling use case: Microsoft |
5.12. | A potential decline in fluorinated chemicals may impact two-phase cooling |
5.13. | Two-phase immersion cooling - phase out before starting to take off? |
5.14. | Immersion coolant liquid suppliers |
5.15. | What is the roadmap for coolants in two-phase immersion cooling? |
6. | PFAS IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES |
6.1. | Overview of PFAS in Electric Vehicles |
6.1.1. | Application areas for PFAS in electric vehicles |
6.2. | PFAS in High-Voltage Cables for EVs |
6.2.1. | EV Drivetrain components |
6.2.2. | High voltage connections in an EV |
6.2.3. | High voltage cable insulation |
6.2.4. | Operating temperature benchmark |
6.2.5. | Cable insulation resistance benchmark |
6.2.6. | Summary of PFAS in high-voltage cables for electric vehicles |
6.3. | PFAS-Based Refrigerants for EVs |
6.3.1. | Thermal system architecture of electric vehicles |
6.3.2. | Coolant fluids in EVs |
6.3.3. | What is different about fluids used for EVs? |
6.3.4. | Refrigerant for EVs |
6.3.5. | Regulations may impact future refrigerant trends for EVs |
6.3.6. | PFAS-free refrigerants: R744 and R290 |
6.3.7. | Suppliers of PFAS-free coolants and refrigerants for EVs |
6.4. | PFAS in Immersion Cooling for Li-ion Batteries in EVs |
6.4.1. | Immersion cooling in EVs: introduction |
6.4.2. | Single-phase vs two-phase cooling |
6.4.3. | Immersion cooling fluids requirements |
6.4.4. | Immersion cooling architecture |
6.4.5. | Players: immersion fluids for EVs (1) |
6.4.6. | Players: immersion fluids for EVs (2) |
6.4.7. | Players: immersion fluids for EVs (3) |
6.4.8. | Immersion fluids: density and thermal conductivity |
6.4.9. | Immersion fluids: operating temperature |
6.4.10. | Immersion fluids: thermal conductivity and specific heat |
6.4.11. | Immersion fluids: viscosity |
6.4.12. | Immersion fluids: breakdown voltage |
6.4.13. | Immersion fluids: costs |
6.4.14. | Immersion fluids: summary |
6.4.15. | SWOT analysis of immersion cooling for EVs |
6.4.16. | IDTechEx outlook of immersion cooling for EVs |
6.4.17. | Outlook for PFAS-based coolants in immersion cooling for EVs |
7. | PFAS IN LOW-LOSS MATERIALS FOR 5G |
7.1. | 5G, next generation cellular communications network |
7.2. | Two types of 5G: Sub-6 GHz and mmWave |
7.3. | New opportunities for low-loss materials in mmWave 5G |
7.4. | Landscape of low-loss materials for 5G |
7.5. | Evolution of organic PCB materials for 5G |
7.6. | Benchmark of commercial low-loss organic laminates @ 10 GHz |
7.7. | Key properties of PTFE to consider for 5G applications |
7.8. | Challenges of using PTFE-based laminates for high frequency 5G |
7.9. | Key applications of PTFE in 5G |
7.10. | Regulations on PFAS as relevant to low-loss materials |
7.11. | Potential alternatives to PFAS for low-loss applications in 5G |
7.12. | Benchmarking of commercial low-loss materials for 5G applications |
7.13. | Landscape of key low-loss materials suppliers |
7.14. | Liquid crystal polymers (LCP) |
7.15. | Poly(p-phenylene ether) (PPE) |
7.16. | Poly(p-phenylene oxide) (PPO) |
7.17. | Hydrocarbon-based laminates |
7.18. | Low temperature co-fired ceramics (LTCC) |
7.19. | Benchmark of LTCC materials for 5G |
7.20. | Glass substrate |
7.21. | Benchmark of various glass substrates |
7.22. | Status and outlook of commercial low-loss materials for 5G PCBs/components |
8. | PFAS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD PACKAGING |
8.1. | Sustainable packaging alternatives to single-use plastics |
8.2. | Introduction to molded fiber for sustainable packaging |
8.3. | Molded non-wood plant fiber for sustainable packaging |
8.4. | Molded fiber for sustainable food packaging |
8.5. | Challenges for molded fiber for sustainable packaging |
8.6. | Recycled paper for sustainable packaging |
8.7. | PFAS in food packaging |
8.8. | Increasing regulatory scrutiny on PFAS in food packaging |
8.9. | Overview of alternatives to PFAS in sustainable food-packaging applications |
8.10. | Solenis: supplier of PFAS-free coatings for food packaging |
8.11. | Introduction to cellulose and nanocellulose |
8.12. | Forms of nanocellulose |
8.13. | Nanocellulose for packaging |
8.14. | Innovations for recycled paper packaging |
8.15. | Summary of alternatives to PFAS coatings in sustainable food packaging |
8.16. | IDTechEx's research portfolio on emerging technologies |
9. | COMPANY PROFILES |
9.1. | 1s1 Energy |
9.2. | Elkem Silicones |
9.3. | Engineered Fluids |
9.4. | EnPro Industries (PTFE materials for 5G and satellite communication) |
9.5. | FUCHS: Dielectric Immersion Fluids for EVs |
9.6. | Fumatech |
9.7. | Ionomr Innovations (2022) |
9.8. | Ionomr Innovations (2024) |
9.9. | Kyocera: 5G Materials |
9.10. | M&I Materials and Faraday Future: Immersion Cooling |
9.11. | NovoMOF |
9.12. | Panasonic: 5G Materials |
9.13. | Showa Denko Group: 5G Materials |
9.14. | Solvay Specialty Polymers |
9.15. | Weidmann Fiber Technology |
9.16. | XING Mobility: Castrol and HKS |
9.17. | XING Mobility: Immersion-Cooled Batteries |
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