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| 1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS |
| 1.1. | Purpose of this report |
| 1.1. | Each major wind turbine company has a $100 million research budget: perceptions |
| 1.1. | Some challenges |
| 1.2. | Comparison of the very different markets for small and large AWES showing features usually essential in red and features sometimes valued in yellow. |
| 1.2. | Evolution of wind turbine heights and output |
| 1.2. | Primary conclusions: the MW grid opportunity most are chasing |
| 1.3. | Primary conclusions: the opportunity beyond MW grid |
| 1.3. | Weak and strong business cases within the two main AWE addressable markets. |
| 1.3. | Remote power and microgrid global market $ billion |
| 1.4. | Degrees of autonomy for AWES |
| 1.4. | Conventional wind turbine compared to AWE. |
| 1.4. | Market driven approach |
| 1.5. | Off-Grid Energy Harvesting technology intermittent power generated |
| 1.5. | Competitive position of AWE against other energy sources. Illustrative and contentious. |
| 1.5. | Comparison of some AWE developers intending commercialisation. Most promising for successful commercialisation of those investigated so far are shown red. |
| 1.6. | Technology roadmap 1900-2027 |
| 1.6. | Spider diagram for the attributes of 30-150kW off-grid AWES bought singly, when its key challenges are overcome, compared with diesel gensets, conventional wind turbines and photovoltaics producing similar power. |
| 1.6. | Main options taken seriously |
| 1.7. | Some of the risks and misleading claims identified |
| 1.7. | Spider diagram for the attributes of 1-5 MW off-grid AWES bought in wind farms, when its key challenges are overcome, compared with conventional wind turbines, tidal and wave power and photovoltaics producing similar power. LCoE = |
| 1.7. | Declared intentions for commercialisation and possible achievements |
| 1.8. | IDTechEx forecast of global sales of installed fully-functional AWE systems 100kW and below 2017-2038 number, unit price, market value |
| 1.8. | Energy independent ship opportunity |
| 1.8. | Big gap in the market |
| 1.9. | Background |
| 1.9. | How a mobile AWE generator can double as solar in sea container format. We understand that a French company is developing such an AWE+solar sea container but details are as yet secret. |
| 1.9. | IDTechEx forecast of global sales of installed fully-functional AWE systems above 100kW2017-2038 number, unit price, market value |
| 1.9.1. | Conventional wind power reaches its limits |
| 1.9.2. | Next stage AWE? |
| 1.9.3. | The technical opportunity |
| 1.9.4. | Market requirements by parameter for small vs large AWES |
| 1.9.5. | Current appraisal of largest addressable markets |
| 1.9.6. | No guarantees |
| 1.10. | Diesel killer or wind turbine killer? |
| 1.10. | IDTechEx forecast of manufacturers of installed fully-functional AWE systems 2017-2038 |
| 1.10. | Typical wind speed vs altitude - some AWE dilemmas. Optimal altitudes vary per system from 300 meters to about 1000 meters. |
| 1.10.1. | Kill some diesel: prospect for low power AWEs off-grid |
| 1.10.2. | Kill some wind turbines and use "impossibly poor wind" locations: prospect for large on-grid AWEs |
| 1.11. | Energy Independent shipping |
| 1.11. | Average power density at 400ft top and 2000ft bottom where it particularly benefits the large communities in North America central and eastern, Europe and east to Moscow and Ukraine, East Asia central and, less populated, South Am |
| 1.11. | IDTechEx forecast of numbers of AWE drones 2017-2038 |
| 1.12. | On-grid vs off-grid AWE opportunity by power of unit |
| 1.12. | Potential for multi-mode |
| 1.13. | Choice of altitude |
| 1.13. | Ground-gen a) vs fly-gen b) |
| 1.14. | Generation a) and recovery b) |
| 1.14. | Capacity factor |
| 1.15. | On-grid vs off-grid, optimal power |
| 1.15. | Scalability, safety and autonomy challenges by type of AWE shown green and conventional wind turbine shown blue. |
| 1.16. | Some of the organisations that have been involved in airborne wind energy |
| 1.16. | Investment by technology: wrong focus |
| 1.17. | Technology choice |
| 1.17. | AWE technology by altitude flown/ soon to be flown and trajectory showing figure of eight YoYo pumping action and height of 100-300 meters is favourite, overlapping the highest conventional turbines, but some have moved from YoYo |
| 1.18. | Investment timeline |
| 1.18. | The lightning flash dilemma |
| 1.19. | The illumination at night dilemma |
| 1.19. | IDTechEx forecast of global sales of AWE systems 100kW and below 2017-2028 number |
| 1.20. | IDTechEx forecast of global sales of AWE systems 100kW and below 2017-2028 showing average unit price |
| 1.20. | Killing birds and bats |
| 1.21. | Derisked technology |
| 1.21. | IDTechEx forecast of global sales of AWE systems 100kW and below 2017-2028 market value |
| 1.22. | IDTechEx forecast of global sales of AWE systems above 100kW 2017-2027 number |
| 1.22. | Autonomy |
| 1.23. | Developers |
| 1.23. | IDTechEx forecast of global sales of AWE systems above 100kW 2017-2027 showing average unit price increasing due to size and power increase |
| 1.23.1. | Most promising future AWE system providers |
| 1.24. | Investment timeline |
| 1.24. | IDTechEx forecast of global sales of AWE systems above 100kW 2017-2027 market value |
| 1.25. | IDTechEx forecast of manufacturers of installed fully-functional AWE systems 2017-2038 |
| 1.25. | Technology roadmap 1900-2037 |
| 1.26. | Commercialisation roadmap 2017-2025 |
| 1.26. | IDTechEx forecast of numbers of AWE drones 2017-2028 |
| 1.26.1. | Overview and roadmap |
| 1.26.2. | Effect of plummeting cost of offshore wind farms |
| 1.27. | Market forecast 2017-2038 |
| 1.27. | US average levelized costs for plants entering service in 2018 with IDTechEx indication of AWE targets and diesel generation cost in remote regions shown as blue arrow. |
| 1.27.1. | Focus |
| 1.28. | Sophisticated technology, often primitive marketing |
| 1.28. | Conventional wind turbine sales MW yearly 1991-2007. In 2027, expressed in GW, AWE sales may reach conventional wind turbine annual sales of 1998-9 |
| 1.28.1. | Over simplification |
| 1.28.2. | The addressable market |
| 1.28.3. | Offshore |
| 1.28.4. | Gensets |
| 1.28.5. | Wind power where there is no (ground) wind |
| 1.28.6. | Multiple benefits |
| 1.28.7. | Energy independent electric vehicles; fully responsive renewable gensets without battery storage: fully responsive wind farms |
| 1.29. | Example of opportunity: Ukraine |
| 1.29. | Renewable share in Remap 2030 model |
| 1.30. | Location of almost all large wind turbines in Ukraine with wind map at ground level. |
| 1.31. | Wind turbine at Kiev International Airport |
| 2. | INTRODUCTION |
| 2.1. | Definition of energy harvesting |
| 2.1. | Proliferation of actual and potential energy harvesting in marine vehicles |
| 2.1. | Two addressable markets for AWE |
| 2.2. | Examples of uses of HPEH expressed as duration of harvesting available with examples of companies using or developing these applications |
| 2.2. | Ship pollution in car equivalents |
| 2.2. | Need for high power harvesting |
| 2.3. | Characteristics of energy harvesting |
| 2.3. | Examples of applications being developed 10W-100kW |
| 2.3. | Comparison of desirable features of the EH technologies. Good in colour. Others are poor or not yet clarified. |
| 2.4. | Transducer power range of the main technical options for HPEH transducer technologies Source IDTechEx |
| 2.4. | EH system diagram |
| 2.4. | Two very different AWE markets |
| 2.5. | Marine: a later option |
| 2.5. | Forms of multi-mode energy harvesting |
| 2.5. | Potential for improving energy harvesting efficiency |
| 2.6. | Typical power needs increasingly addressed by high power energy harvesting |
| 2.6. | Multiple energy harvesting |
| 2.6. | HPEH technologies including AWE |
| 2.6.1. | Types of application |
| 2.6.2. | Technological options |
| 2.7. | EH systems |
| 2.7. | Examples of multiple harvesting |
| 2.7. | Power density provided by different forms of HPEH with exceptionally useful superlatives in yellow. Other parameters are optimal at different levels depending on system design. |
| 2.8. | Good features and challenges of the four most important EH technologies in order of importance |
| 2.8. | HPP structure |
| 2.8. | Multiple energy harvesting |
| 2.8.1. | Strong need for AWE multi-mode |
| 2.8.2. | Precedents |
| 2.8.3. | Multi-mode end game is structural electronics? |
| 2.8.4. | Powerweave harvesting and storage e-fiber/ e-textile |
| 2.9. | AWE in the big picture |
| 2.9. | Envisaged marine application of HPP also applicable to AWE kites etc. to harvest wind and rain while creating propulsion. |
| 2.9.1. | Huge off-grid opportunity for AWE |
| 2.10. | HPEH in context: IRENA Roadmap to 27% Renewable |
| 2.10. | Powerweave |
| 2.11. | HPEH including battery systems related to other off-grid and to on-grid harvesting market values with example of AWE in remote power microgrid. Market figures are approximate for 2016. |
| 2.11. | Electric vehicle end game: free non-stop travel |
| 2.11.1. | Dynamic charging |
| 2.11.2. | Many harvests together |
| 2.11.3. | Many other options |
| 2.11.4. | AWE and bladeless wind turbines powering vehicles? |
| 2.11.5. | Multi-mode, minimal storage |
| 2.11.6. | New storage |
| 2.11.7. | Bottom line |
| 2.12. | Simpler, more viable off-grid power |
| 2.12. | Global installed renewable energy GW cumulative, off-grid and on-grid by source |
| 2.12.1. | Transportable power source |
| 2.12.2. | Vehicles approach energy independence |
| 2.12.3. | Electric utilities being replaced |
| 2.13. | Microgrids attract |
| 2.13. | Annual share of annual variable renewable power generation on-grid and off-grid 2014 and 2030 if all Remap options are implemented |
| 2.14. | Capacity factors, utilisation factors and load factors |
| 2.15. | Offshore energy innovation could leverage AWES |
| 2.16. | World's biggest wind turbines go online near Liverpool UK |
| 3. | ELECTRODYNAMIC AND PHOTOVOLTAIC HARVESTING |
| 3.1. | Definition and scope |
| 3.1. | Background to PV for energy independent vehicles |
| 3.1. | Some modes of high power, 10 watts or more, electrodynamic energy harvesting with related processes highlighted in green |
| 3.2. | Examples of actual high power electrodynamic harvesting by type, sub type and manufacturer with comment. Those in volume production now are in yellow, within five years in grey, those with much development but no volume production |
| 3.2. | One dream: Solar road/ AWE dynamic vehicle charging. |
| 3.2. | Many modes and applications compared |
| 3.2.1. | Options by medium |
| 3.2.2. | Examples compared |
| 3.2.3. | Photovoltaics: Natural AWE partner |
| 4. | AIRBORNE WIND ENERGY AWE PRINCIPLES |
| 4.1. | Introduction |
| 4.1. | Twind and tumbling wing aerostat concepts top and blimp version and system below. |
| 4.2. | Principle of U kite generator |
| 4.2. | The jargon |
| 4.3. | Favoured technologies |
| 4.3. | Passive tether configurations |
| 4.3.1. | Aerostat and autogiro |
| 4.3.2. | Tethered devices |
| 4.3.3. | Passive tether formats |
| 4.4. | ABB assessment |
| 4.4. | Early options for the flying device |
| 4.5. | Early Ground-Gen examples of parameters |
| 4.5. | Rotating dual kites the ultimate? |
| 4.6. | Main options still taken seriously |
| 4.6. | ABB assessment |
| 4.7. | Tether drag solution |
| 4.8. | Main options still taken seriously with examples of developers |
| 5. | SOME ACTIVE DEVELOPER/ SUPPORTER PROFILES, INTERVIEWS AND PLANS |
| 5.1. | Aerosense Japan |
| 5.1. | Altaeros BAT airborne wind turbine compared |
| 5.2. | Ampyx Power presentation October 2017 |
| 5.2. | Altaeros Energies USA |
| 5.3. | Ampyx Power Netherlands |
| 5.3. | Ampyx Power business plan presented to IDTechEx 2017 |
| 5.3.2. | Ampyx in the past: consistency of purpose and meeting objectives |
| 5.3.3. | Ampyx Power in 2017: doing what it said it would do |
| 5.3.4. | Airborne Wind Energy questions for Ampyx Power |
| 5.3.5. | Update - April 11, 2017 |
| 5.3.6. | Mocean Offshore BV update August 2017 |
| 5.4. | The technology of airborne wind energy |
| 5.4. | Ampyx Power staff |
| 5.4.1. | Part I: Launch & land |
| 5.4.2. | Part II the drone |
| 5.4.3. | Part III safe power |
| 5.5. | Artemis Intelligent Power |
| 5.5. | Kite Power 2 |
| 5.6. | E-Kite system |
| 5.6. | AWESCO European Union |
| 5.6.1. | PhD programs |
| 5.7. | Bladetips Energy France |
| 5.7. | e-Kite system |
| 5.8. | E-kite ground station |
| 5.8. | Bruce Banks Sails |
| 5.9. | BVG Associates |
| 5.9. | EnerKite presentation at the IDTechEx Energy Independent Electric vehicle event TU Delft September 2017 |
| 5.10. | eWind system |
| 5.10. | Delft University of Technology Netherlands/ Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences Germany |
| 5.11. | e-Kite Netherlands |
| 5.11. | e-Wind proposition hiring land from farmers |
| 5.12. | Two kite system. |
| 5.12. | EnerKite Germany |
| 5.13. | e-Wind Solutions USA |
| 5.13. | KiteGen kite providing supplementary power to a ship |
| 5.14. | Parameters compared |
| 5.14. | Imperial College and National Wind Tunnel Facility (NWTF) |
| 5.15. | Innovate UK |
| 5.15. | Aircraft, winch and operating station |
| 5.16. | Typical vertical wind profiles above boundary layer |
| 5.16. | Keynvor Morlift Ltd |
| 5.17. | Kite Power Systems UK |
| 5.17. | Production and return |
| 5.17.1. | Background |
| 5.17.2. | The technology |
| 5.17.3. | Interview |
| 5.17.4. | Further comment |
| 5.18. | KiteGen Italy |
| 5.18. | Output power vs wind speed |
| 5.19. | Global development of LCoE for solar and wind compared to the scenario for Airborne Wind. |
| 5.19. | Kitemill Norway |
| 5.19.1. | Kitemill presentation at IDTechEx Energy Independent Electric Vehicle event September 26-27 2017 Delft |
| 5.19.2. | Interview September 28 2017 |
| 5.19.3. | Overview |
| 5.19.4. | Interview with Kitemill - 25 March 2017 |
| 5.20. | Kitenergy Italy |
| 5.20. | Ground generator and kite |
| 5.20.1. | Kitenergy presentation at IDTechEx Energy Independent Electric Vehicle event September 26-27 2017 Delft |
| 5.20.2. | Interview Sept 28 2017 |
| 5.20.3. | Earlier information |
| 5.20.4. | Interview |
| 5.21. | Kitepower Netherlands |
| 5.21. | Kitenergy technology |
| 5.21.1. | Interview September 28 2017 |
| 5.21.2. | Interview |
| 5.21.3. | Announcement in June 2017 |
| 5.21.4. | Kitepower presentation at IDTechEx Energy Independent Electric Vehicle event September 26-27 2017 Delft |
| 5.22. | Kiteswarms UK, Germany |
| 5.22. | Operating Data |
| 5.23. | System operation |
| 5.23. | KiteX Denmark |
| 5.23.1. | Interview |
| 5.24. | kPower USA |
| 5.24. | Kite-X laboratory |
| 5.24.1. | Overview |
| 5.25. | Google "Makani-x" |
| 5.25. | Makani-x Freiburg Germany October 2017 |
| 5.25.2. | Overview |
| 5.25.3. | The system |
| 5.25.4. | Safety |
| 5.25.5. | Bold announcements then silence |
| 5.25.6. | Specification |
| 5.26. | National Composites Centre) |
| 5.26. | Makani AWES in action |
| 5.27. | Evidence cited by Makani |
| 5.27. | Omnidea Portugal |
| 5.28. | Open Source AWE |
| 5.28. | Power profile |
| 5.29. | Circular trajectory with parameters vs conventional wind turbine. |
| 5.29. | Pierre Benhaïem, Conception, Troyes Area, France |
| 5.30. | Rotokite Italy |
| 5.30. | 600 kW energy kite |
| 5.31. | Future models envisaged |
| 5.31. | SkySails Power Germany |
| 5.32. | Superturbine ™ USA, France |
| 5.32. | Google patented ideas |
| 5.32.1. | Overview |
| 5.33. | SwissKitePower Project Switzerland |
| 5.33. | Regions where conventional wind turbines and Makani can operate |
| 5.34. | Basis of EC FP7 HAWE program headed by Omnidea |
| 5.34. | TwingTec Switzerland |
| 5.34.1. | TwingTec interview May 3rd, 2017 |
| 5.35. | University of Limerick |
| 5.35. | Rotating reeling |
| 5.36. | Rotating tether spinning kite collapses for retrieval before next power run. |
| 5.36. | Windlift USA |
| 5.37. | Windswept and Interesting UK |
| 5.37. | Images from assessment |
| 5.38. | Skysails system |
| 5.38. | Xsens Netherlands |
| 5.39. | Superturbine ™ |
| 5.40. | TwingTec presentation October 2017 |
| 5.41. | TwingTec USP |
| 5.42. | W&I kite systems |
| 5.43. | PowerPlane |
| 6. | LESSONS FROM THE PAST |
| 6.1. | Guangdong High Altitude Wind Power China/ SkyWind USA |
| 6.1. | Guangdong HAWP |
| 6.2. | Joby system |
| 6.2. | Highest Wind USA |
| 6.3. | Joby Energy USA |
| 6.3. | Magenn air rotor system |
| 6.4. | Magenn Power Canada |
| 7. | EXAMPLES OF INTERVIEWS CONCERNING HIGH POWER ENERGY HARVESTING ON MARINE CRAFT |
| 7.1. | Torqeedo 50kW outboard |
| 7.2. | SoelCat |
| IDTECHEX RESEARCH REPORTS AND CONSULTANCY | |
| TABLES | |
| FIGURES |
| ページ | 299 |
|---|---|
| Tables | 21 |
| 図 | 102 |
| フォーキャスト | 2027 |