1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
1.1. | Metal-organic frameworks are tunable, porous materials with high surface area |
1.2. | Translation from laboratories to industrial manufacturing is a key challenge |
1.3. | Standard batch synthesis is the preferred method by large manufacturers |
1.4. | IDTechEx outlook for MOF production |
1.5. | Main applications are carbon capture, water harvesting, and chemical separation |
1.6. | North America, Europe, and Japan are driving key advances in MOF technologies |
1.7. | Carbon capture technologies are key to achieving net zero emission goals |
1.8. | MOFs can reduce energy requirements and operational costs for carbon capture |
1.9. | Comparison of MOF-based point source capture with amine scrubbing |
1.10. | MOF-based technologies are advancing in point source carbon capture |
1.11. | IDTechEx Outlook for MOFs in Carbon Capture |
1.12. | MOFs can increase energy efficiency of AWH and HVAC systems |
1.13. | Comparison of sorbents for atmospheric water harvesting |
1.14. | MOF-based technologies towards commercialization compared to incumbent |
1.15. | MOF-based AWH and HVAC systems are approaching commercialization |
1.16. | IDTechEx outlook for MOFs in water harvesting and HVAC systems |
1.17. | Wide scope of applications for MOFs in chemical separations and purification |
1.18. | IDTechEx outlook of MOFs in chemical separations and purifications |
1.19. | Research on MOFs for numerous other applications is in the early stages |
1.20. | Total Metal-Organic Frameworks Forecast (mass) |
1.21. | Total Metal-Organic Frameworks Forecast (value) |
1.22. | Metal-Organic Frameworks Forecast and Growth Opportunities |
2. | INTRODUCTION TO METAL-ORGANIC FRAMEWORKS (MOFS) |
2.1. | Introduction to metal-organic frameworks |
2.2. | Numerous structures of MOFs exist with a large scope of applications |
2.3. | MOFs in carbon capture and removal with emerging commercial applications |
2.4. | Commercial applications emerging for MOFs in gas storage and transport |
2.5. | MOF-based catalysts beginning to appear in the market for catalysis |
2.6. | MOFs are promising candidates for separation and purification |
2.7. | MOFs demonstrating potential in water harvesting and air conditioning systems |
2.8. | MOF-based fuel cell membranes not ready for commercialisation |
2.9. | MOFs in energy storage may be limited by complex material synthesis |
2.10. | Academic research is driving exploration of MOFs in sensors |
2.11. | MOFs in biomedical applications encounter barriers to clinical translation |
2.12. | MOFs show better long-term cycling performance compared to other adsorbents |
2.13. | Scalability and high cost have been main historical barriers to commercialization |
3. | MANUFACTURING METHODS AND PRICING CONSIDERATIONS |
3.1. | Overview |
3.1.1. | Translation from laboratories to industrial manufacturing is challenging |
3.1.2. | Factors to consider for industrial manufacturing of MOFs |
3.2. | Manufacturing Processes |
3.3. | Overview of common manufacturing processes |
3.4. | Solvothermal and hydrothermal synthesis used for bench scale production |
3.5. | Mechanochemical synthesis can enable large scale continuous production |
3.6. | Electrochemical synthesis |
3.7. | Spray-drying synthesis |
3.8. | Other examples of synthesis methods |
3.9. | Assessment of common processing methods (1/2) |
3.10. | Assessment of common processing methods (2/2) |
3.11. | Downstream Processes |
3.12. | Downstream Processing |
3.13. | Shaping processes are necessary to obtain functional MOF products |
3.14. | Market Activity |
3.15. | BASF uses large scale batch synthesis for industrial MOF production |
3.16. | BASF's position on batch vs continuous processes |
3.17. | BASF's process and cost considerations |
3.18. | Continuous flow hydrothermal synthesis for large-scale manufacturing |
3.19. | Morphologies obtained using Promethean's manufacturing process |
3.20. | Immaterial is scaling up its process to manufacture monolithic MOFs |
3.21. | Atomis has a patented process to manufacture MOFs |
3.22. | SyncMOF can recommend and manufacture MOFs on the tonnes scale |
3.23. | Numat is expanding its manufacturing capability and commercializing products |
3.24. | Cost and Pricing Considerations |
3.25. | Key contributions to the production costs |
3.26. | Cost of raw materials is often prohibitive for large scale MOF production |
3.27. | MOFs with industrially available ligands can target a competitive selling price |
3.28. | Company Landscape |
3.29. | Overview of MOF manufacturers |
3.30. | Company landscape of MOF manufacturers |
3.31. | Outlook |
3.32. | IDTechEx outlook for MOF production |
4. | MOFS FOR CARBON CAPTURE |
4.1. | Overview |
4.1.1. | Carbon capture technologies are key to achieving net zero emission goals |
4.1.2. | Industrial sources of emission and CO₂ content varies with emission source |
4.1.3. | Absorption-based capture methods dominate however others are emerging |
4.1.4. | Current large-scale carbon capture facilities use solvent-based capture |
4.2. | Solid Sorbent-based CO₂ Capture |
4.2.1. | Overview of solid sorbents explored for carbon capture |
4.2.2. | Operation of solid sorbent-based DAC and point source adsorption systems |
4.2.3. | MOF-based sorbents approaching commercialization in carbon capture |
4.2.4. | Key applications of MOFs span point source and direct air capture |
4.2.5. | Gas composition impacts the CO₂ adsorption characteristics of MOFs |
4.2.6. | Different strategies for MOF development and binding mechanisms |
4.2.7. | Examples of MOFs with open metal sites |
4.2.8. | CO₂ selectivity in humid conditions is a key challenge for DAC |
4.2.9. | Using AI tools to advance the discovery of new MOFs for carbon capture |
4.2.10. | CALF-20: a MOF that is being commercialized for point source capture |
4.2.11. | Other solid sorbents: Solid amine-based adsorbents |
4.2.12. | Other solid sorbents: Zeolite-based adsorbents |
4.2.13. | Other solid sorbents: Carbon-based adsorbents |
4.2.14. | Other solid sorbents: Polymer-based adsorbents |
4.3. | Considerations for MOF Selection |
4.3.1. | Factors to consider when selecting MOF sorbents for carbon capture (1/2) |
4.3.2. | Factors to consider when selecting MOF sorbents for carbon capture (2/2) |
4.3.3. | Lower energy penalty for regeneration is a key driver for MOF-based sorbents |
4.4. | Market Activity for Solid Sorbents |
4.4.1. | Promethean Particles targets its MOFs for applications in carbon capture |
4.4.2. | Nuada's point source carbon capture technology is operating at pilot scale |
4.4.3. | Svante's carbon capture technology is approaching commercialization |
4.4.4. | Estimated capture costs using Svante's technology |
4.4.5. | AspiraDAC's modular solar-powered DAC units gearing towards pilot scale |
4.4.6. | Mosaic Materials is upscaling its modular MOF-based DAC systems |
4.4.7. | Atoco is developing MOF-based point source and DAC solutions |
4.4.8. | CSIRO's Airthena DAC technology for industrial onsite gaseous CO₂ supply |
4.4.9. | SyncMOF manufactures MOFs and engineers devices for carbon capture |
4.4.10. | Comparison of key MOF-based point source capture systems (1/2) |
4.4.11. | Comparison of key MOF-based point source capture systems (2/2) |
4.4.12. | Comparison of key MOF-based DAC systems |
4.4.13. | MOFs used in key planned or operational CCUS projects |
4.4.14. | Assessment of MOF sorbents for carbon capture |
4.5. | Membrane-based CO₂ Separation |
4.5.1. | Membrane-based CO₂ separation for carbon capture |
4.5.2. | MOF-based membranes for carbon capture |
4.5.3. | CO₂ separation using MOF glass show potential in membrane applications |
4.5.4. | UniSieve is developing MOF-based membranes for carbon capture |
4.5.5. | Comparison of key MOF-based membrane CO₂ separation systems |
4.6. | Comparisons with Incumbent Technology |
4.6.1. | Incumbent technology: Chemical absorption solvents |
4.6.2. | Incumbent technology: Amine-based post-combustion CO₂ absorption |
4.6.3. | Comparison of MOF-based point source capture with amine scrubbing (1/2) |
4.6.4. | Comparison of MOF-based point source capture with amine scrubbing (2/2) |
4.6.5. | Direct air capture technologies |
4.6.6. | Comparison of MOF-based DAC with aqueous solution-based DAC |
4.7. | Company Landscape |
4.7.1. | MOF-based carbon capture technologies |
4.7.2. | MOF-based carbon capture company landscape |
4.8. | Outlook |
4.8.1. | Key MOF development challenges that need to be tackled for carbon capture |
4.8.2. | Current challenges in carbon capture |
4.8.3. | IDTechEx Outlook for MOFs in Carbon Capture |
4.8.4. | Forecast for MOFs in Carbon Capture - Material Demand and Revenue |
4.8.5. | Forecast for MOFs in Carbon Capture - Capture Capacity |
5. | MOFS FOR WATER HARVESTING |
5.1. | Overview |
5.1.1. | Current AWH and HVAC systems are inefficient and energy-intensive |
5.1.2. | Wide range of applications for atmospheric water harvesting |
5.1.3. | Sorbents for water harvesting have a set of key requirements |
5.2. | MOFs for water harvesting |
5.2.1. | MOFs can adsorb water at lower humidity levels compared to other sorbents |
5.2.2. | Water adsorption isotherms of selected MOFs |
5.2.3. | Linear relationship between MOF pore volume and water uptake capacity |
5.2.4. | Solar powered device using MOF-801 harvested ~2.8L of water daily at 20%RH |
5.2.5. | MOF-303 tested for atmospheric water harvesting in Death Valley desert |
5.2.6. | Comparison of sorbents for atmospheric water harvesting |
5.3. | Market activity |
5.3.1. | Montana is commercializing its AirJoule system for AWH and HVAC |
5.3.2. | Working principles of Montana's AirJoule system |
5.3.3. | Framergy is commercializing AYRSORB F100 MOF for AWH and HVAC |
5.3.4. | Atomis and Daikin have patented a MOF-based AWH and humidity control device |
5.3.5. | Honeywell has partnered with Numat to develop MOF-based AWH device |
5.3.6. | Transaera is developing MOF-based hybrid air conditioning systems |
5.3.7. | Atoco is developing MOF-based water harvesting technology |
5.4. | Technology Assessment |
5.4.1. | Comparison of MOF-based AWH and dehumidification systems (1/2) |
5.4.2. | Comparison of MOF-based AWH and dehumidification systems (2/2) |
5.4.3. | MOF-based technologies being commercialized and incumbent systems |
5.4.4. | Assessment of MOFs for AWH and HVAC |
5.5. | Company landscape |
5.5.1. | Landscape of MOF-based water harvesting and dehumidification companies |
5.6. | Outlook |
5.6.1. | IDTechEx outlook for MOFs in water harvesting and HVAC systems |
5.6.2. | Forecast for MOFs in Water Harvesting |
6. | MOFS FOR CHEMICAL SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION |
6.1. | Overview |
6.1.1. | Current chemical separation and purification processes are energy-intensive |
6.1.2. | Common industrial separation and purification technologies |
6.1.3. | Example applications of separation technologies |
6.1.4. | Key criteria for emerging technologies |
6.2. | MOF-based mixed membrane matrices |
6.2.1. | Membrane-based separation technologies |
6.2.2. | CO₂/CH₄ separation has opportunities for MOF-based membranes |
6.2.3. | CO₂/CH₄ separation using MOF-based mixed membrane matrices |
6.2.4. | Impact of MOF loading on CO₂/CH₄ separation performance |
6.2.5. | Separation of C₃H₆/C₃H₈ using MOF-based mixed membrane matrices |
6.2.6. | Wastewater treatment using MOF sorbents in academic literature |
6.2.7. | MOF-based membranes are being explored for direct lithium extraction |
6.2.8. | Challenges and considerations |
6.3. | MOF-based sorbents |
6.3.1. | Opportunities for challenging gas separation processes using MOF sorbents |
6.3.2. | Other examples of gas separations using MOF sorbents |
6.3.3. | Wastewater treatment using MOF sorbents in academic literature |
6.3.4. | Refrigerant reclamation is key to meeting targets in Kigali Amendment |
6.3.5. | Refrigerant reclamation using MOF-based adsorptive separation |
6.4. | Market activity for MOF-based separation technologies |
6.4.1. | Daikin and Atomis patented MOF-based technology to separate refrigerants |
6.4.2. | Daikin's current refrigerant recovery and reclamation efforts |
6.4.3. | UniSieve's membrane technology can separate propylene to 99.5% purity |
6.4.4. | Numat has commercialized MOF-based chemical filtration solutions |
6.4.5. | Tetramer is developing chemical protection and water purification solutions |
6.4.6. | EnergyX uses MOF-based MMMs for direct lithium extraction |
6.4.7. | Framergy has developed MOFs for gas purification |
6.4.8. | Squair Tech developed ST-Sorb13 for formaldehyde removal |
6.5. | Technology assessment and comparisons |
6.5.1. | Comparison of incumbent and emerging MOF-based separation technologies |
6.5.2. | Energy reduction for propane-propylene separation using membrane systems |
6.6. | Company Landscape |
6.6.1. | MOF-based chemical separation and purification company landscape |
6.7. | Outlook |
6.7.1. | Medium-term opportunities in hybrid separation systems |
6.7.2. | IDTechEx outlook of MOFs in chemical separations and purifications |
6.7.3. | Forecast for MOFs in Chemical Separations and Purification |
7. | OTHER APPLICATIONS - COMMERCIAL AND EARLY-STAGE RESEARCH |
7.1. | Overview |
7.1.1. | Research on MOFs for numerous applications is in the early stages |
7.2. | Gas Storage and Transport |
7.2.1. | Immaterial is developing MOF-based gas storage systems |
7.2.2. | Atomis is commercializing MOF-based gas storage solutions |
7.2.3. | BASF was previously unsuccessful at commercializing MOFs for NGVs |
7.2.4. | Numat has commercialized its ION-X gas storage and delivery systems |
7.2.5. | MOFs for hydrogen storage have key challenges to overcome |
7.3. | Sensors |
7.3.1. | Lantha Sensors is developing MOF-based sensors for chemical analysis |
7.3.2. | Matrix Sensors is developing MOF-based gas sensors for air quality monitoring |
7.3.3. | MOFs explored as sensors for food safety and motion sensing in academia |
7.4. | Membranes for PEM Fuel Cells |
7.4.1. | Metal-organic frameworks for PEM FC membranes in academic research |
7.4.2. | MOF composite membranes |
7.5. | Energy Storage |
7.5.1. | Integration of MOFs into batteries is being explored to improve performance |
7.5.2. | Framergy, NovoMOF, and EnergyX have explored MOFs for Li-ion batteries |
7.5.3. | MOF-based composite materials can be used for battery thermal management |
7.5.4. | MOF-based supercapacitors in academic literature |
7.5.5. | MOFs for thermal energy storage in academic literature |
7.6. | Catalysis |
7.6.1. | Framergy is developing MOFs for catalytic degradation of harmful chemicals |
7.6.2. | Iron-based MOFs for breakdown of NOx gases under ambient conditions |
7.6.3. | Photocatalytic dye degradation using MOF-nanoparticle composites |
7.7. | Biomedical Applications |
7.7.1. | Targeted drug release using MOFs for orally delivered drugs |
7.7.2. | Targeted delivery of chemotherapy drugs using biocompatible MOFs |
7.8. | Others |
7.8.1. | MOFs can stabilize qubits at room temperature for quantum computing |
7.8.2. | Applications of MOFs in agriculture |
8. | FORECAST |
8.1. | Methodology |
8.2. | Material pricing considered for low and high-volume orders |
8.3. | Forecast for MOFs in Carbon Capture - Material Demand and Revenue |
8.4. | Forecast for MOFs in Carbon Capture - Capture Capacity |
8.5. | Forecast for MOFs in Water Harvesting |
8.6. | Forecast for MOFs in Chemical Separations and Purification |
8.7. | Total Metal-Organic Frameworks Forecast (mass) |
8.8. | Total Metal-Organic Frameworks Forecast (value) |
8.9. | Progression of the Metal-Organic Frameworks Market |
9. | COMPANY PROFILES |
9.1. | AspiraDAC: MOF-Based DAC Technology Using Solar Power |
9.2. | Atoco (MOF-Based AWH and Carbon Capture) |
9.3. | Atomis: MOF Manufacturer |
9.4. | BASF: MOF Manufacturer |
9.5. | CSIRO: MOF-Based DAC Technology (Airthena) |
9.6. | Daikin: MOF-Based Refrigerant Separation |
9.7. | EnergyX |
9.8. | Framergy: MOF Manufacturer |
9.9. | Green Science Alliance: MOF and Advanced Materials Developer |
9.10. | Immaterial: MOF Manufacturer |
9.11. | Lantha Sensors: MOF-Based Chemical Analysis |
9.12. | Matrix Sensors: MOF-Based CO₂ Sensors |
9.13. | Montana Technologies: MOF-Based AWH and HVAC Technology |
9.14. | Mosaic Materials: MOF-Based DAC Technology |
9.15. | NovoMOF |
9.16. | Nuada: MOF-Based Carbon Capture |
9.17. | Numat: MOF Manufacturer |
9.18. | Orchestra Scientific: MOF-Based Carbon Separation |
9.19. | ProfMOF: MOF Manufacturer |
9.20. | Promethean Particles: MOF Manufacturer |
9.21. | Squair Tech: MOF-Based Indoor Air Quality |
9.22. | Svante: MOF-Based Carbon Capture |
9.23. | SyncMOF — MOF Manufacturer |
9.24. | Tetramer: MOFs for Decontamination and Filtration |
9.25. | Transaera: MOF-Based HVAC Technology |
9.26. | UniSieve: MOF-Based Membrane Technology |