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| EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS | |
| 1. | INTRODUCTION |
| 1.1. | Background |
| 1.1. | Important functions that an active RFID tag can perform |
| 1.1. | RFID range required for typical applications |
| 1.1.1. | Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) |
| 1.1.2. | Active vs passive RFID |
| 1.1.3. | Sub categories of Active tags |
| 1.1.4. | Many different ideal frequencies for active RFID |
| 1.1.5. | Smart Active Labels (SAL), Battery Assisted Backscatter |
| 1.1.6. | Lessons from sixty years of active RFID |
| 1.2. | Active tag from Identec for anti-theft |
| 1.2. | Benefits and disadvantages of active RFID vs passive RFID |
| 1.2. | The active RFID value chain and paybacks |
| 1.2.1. | Value chain |
| 1.3. | Total Asset Visibility |
| 1.3. | AIM survey of RFID user priorities |
| 1.3. | Passive RFID compared with the various types of active RFID |
| 1.4. | Road map of development of active RFID and allied technologies |
| 1.4. | Sales of active RFID tags from 1944 to start of 2007 |
| 1.4. | Civilian logistics - Smart and Secure Tradelanes |
| 1.5. | Five key priorities for TAV |
| 1.5. | Cost structure of active vs passive RFID projects |
| 1.5. | RFID hierarchy |
| 1.6. | Active RFID characteristics |
| 1.6. | Active RFID in the prison and parole service |
| 1.6. | The $1 billion yearly potential in the prison service |
| 1.7. | Frequency versus range |
| 1.8. | SAL-C concept of a warehouse managed using disposable SALs on packages. |
| 1.9. | An active RFID car clicker working in semi-active mode at 433 MHz |
| 1.10. | Value chain for active RFID in 2009 |
| 1.11. | RFID value chain in 2019 |
| 1.12. | RFID read range versus cost for different RFID systems |
| 1.13. | Typical military deployment of active RFID tags |
| 1.14. | A military viewpoint of active RFID |
| 1.15. | Active RFID interrogator deployment in the Iraq war |
| 1.16. | Mobile interrogators in the Iraq war |
| 1.17. | Write terminal and docking station |
| 1.18. | Survey of priorities in sea freight by AT Kearney |
| 1.19. | Sealing and anti-tamper capability with intermodal containers |
| 1.20. | Smart and Secure Tradelanes active RFID seal being used to lock an intermodal container |
| 1.21. | Final check of security at dock |
| 1.22. | Security check of truck at customs point - interrogator monitoring active RFID tag |
| 1.23. | Some of the potential benefits throughout the supply chain |
| 1.24. | RFID protecting keys against theft or misuse. |
| 1.25. | Wristwatch transmitters worn by inmates |
| 1.26. | Belt transmitters worn by officers and staff |
| 2. | LESSONS FROM CASE STUDIES OF ACTIVE RFID |
| 2.1. | Approximate distribution of case studies by range. |
| 2.1. | Active RFID wrist strap to protect disoriented patients |
| 2.1. | Spread of parameters and applications |
| 2.1.1. | Military, Logistics and Automotive/ transportation are dominant applications so far |
| 2.1.2. | Containers and vehicles are the main items that are tagged |
| 2.1.3. | Frequencies are varied |
| 2.1.4. | Ranges are varied |
| 2.1.5. | Totally new types of battery |
| 2.1.6. | The most important countries |
| 2.2. | Case studies of active RFID in manufacturing |
| 2.2. | TransCore system in action showing interrogators mounted on an overhead walkway |
| 2.2.1. | Volkswagen, Germany - work in progress |
| 2.2.2. | Peugeot, France - work in progress |
| 2.2.3. | Club Car, USA - work in progress |
| 2.2.4. | AM General, USA - part replenishment |
| 2.2.5. | Merrimac Industries, USA - tracking folders |
| 2.2.6. | BMW, UK - work in progress |
| 2.3. | Case studies of active RFID in transportation and automotive |
| 2.3. | EIRIS Technology IRFIDTM Components |
| 2.3.1. | 30 major car companies - vehicle immobilisers |
| 2.3.2. | Shanghai Xinzhuang Bus Terminal, China - tracking buses |
| 2.3.3. | NedTrain, The Netherlands - wheel maintenance |
| 2.3.4. | Tracker/ Police, UK - locating stolen vehicles |
| 2.3.5. | Hills, UK - numberplates |
| 2.3.6. | Ford, USA - location of new cars |
| 2.3.7. | Postauto Bus, Switzerland - bus terminal management |
| 2.3.8. | Tranz Rail, New Zealand - freight management |
| 2.3.9. | General Motors, USA - containers |
| 2.3.10. | Shanghai Railway, China |
| 2.3.11. | Hamburg Metro Germany |
| 2.3.12. | Parking, Arizona State University, USA |
| 2.3.13. | Korea World Cup vehicles |
| 2.4. | Case studies of active RFID in the air industry |
| 2.4. | EIRIS Technology Tags |
| 2.4.1. | Sepang Airport, Malaysia - catering trolleys |
| 2.4.2. | Los Angeles International Airport/ Long Beach, USA - vehicle tolling and management |
| 2.4.3. | Tacoma/ Seattle International Airport, USA - vehicle tolling and management and New York Newark International Airport, USA - vehicle tolling and management |
| 2.4.4. | Orange County Airport, USA - vehicle tolling |
| 2.4.5. | Hong Kong International Airport, China - catering trolleys |
| 2.4.6. | Vienna International Airport, Austria - ground support equipment |
| 2.4.7. | Charles de Gaulle International Airport, France - taxis |
| 2.4.8. | Envirotainer, Belgium - unit load devices |
| 2.4.9. | Air Canada - food trolleys |
| 2.4.10. | Arlanda International Airport, Sweden parking |
| 2.5. | Case studies of active RFID in healthcare |
| 2.5. | EIRIS Technology : Who, What, Where and When? - WWWWTM |
| 2.5.1. | National Health Service UK social workers |
| 2.5.2. | Massachusetts General Hospital, USA people and assets |
| 2.5.3. | St Elisabeth Medical Center patients USA |
| 2.5.4. | Hospitals, Israel and elsewhere - patient and staff tracking/ alert |
| 2.5.5. | Shelby County Regional Medical Center, USA - patient tracking |
| 2.5.6. | Royal Sussex County Hospital, UK - assets |
| 2.5.7. | HCA Hospital Dallas, USA - mother baby matching |
| 2.5.8. | HCA Hospital Arlington, USA - mother baby matching |
| 2.5.9. | French Blood Agency, France - chemovigilance |
| 2.5.10. | Alexandra Hospital, Singapore - people tracking for SARS and National University Hospital Singapore - people tracking for SARS |
| 2.5.11. | Hart District, UK - alarm for elderly |
| 2.6. | Case studies of active RFID in the military sector |
| 2.6. | EIRIS System Architecture |
| 2.6.1. | Kosovo/ US Military - military assets and supplies |
| 2.6.2. | Ministry of Defence, UK - military supplies |
| 2.6.3. | NATO Supreme Allied Commander Transformation (SACT) assets |
| 2.6.4. | Department of Defense, USA - medical supplies |
| 2.6.5. | Bosnia/ UK Military - supply chain. |
| 2.7. | Case studies of active RFID in logistics |
| 2.7. | EIRIS Technology Optimal Installation |
| 2.7.1. | NYK Logistics, USA - intermodal freight containers |
| 2.7.2. | Fluor Construction, USA pipe spools |
| 2.7.3. | Brink's, USA - transport container access |
| 2.7.4. | Felixstowe Dock & Rail Company, UK - Rubber Tyre Gantry Cranes RTGC handling intermodal containers |
| 2.7.5. | Agricultural Cooperative, France - vehicle tare weighing |
| 2.7.6. | Yard management, USA |
| 2.7.7. | Spittelau Thermal Waste Treatment Plant, Austria - trucks |
| 2.7.8. | Seattle Tacoma Sea Port, USA - intermodal container seals |
| 2.7.9. | Royal Mail, UK - roll cages |
| 2.7.10. | Parcelforce, UK - postal trailers |
| 2.7.11. | Mercator Transportation, USA - intermodal container tracking |
| 2.7.12. | Lynx Express, UK - roll cages |
| 2.7.13. | London Waste, UK - vehicles |
| 2.7.14. | J.A.M Distribution and Cemex, USA - vehicle loading and fuelling |
| 2.7.15. | HiroCem, Slovakia - trucks |
| 2.7.16. | DHL and Nokia, UK/ Finland - cases |
| 2.7.17. | Intermodal Cargo Shipments |
| 2.7.18. | Carlisle Carriers, USA - tractors and trailers |
| 2.7.19. | Alliant Atlantic Food, USA - access control |
| 2.7.20. | Somerfield Supermarkets, UK - trucks |
| 2.7.21. | Argos, UK - conveyances |
| 2.7.22. | Paramount Farms, USA - farming vehicles |
| 2.7.23. | Meat producer, Canada - case monitoring |
| 2.8. | Case studies of active RFID in Retail |
| 2.8. | ELPAS' System Architecture |
| 2.8.1. | Selfridges, UK - food containers |
| 2.8.2. | Safeway Supermarkets, UK - trolleys |
| 2.9. | Other |
| 2.9. | ELPAS' Healthcare Applications |
| 2.9.1. | HM Prison Service, UK - keys |
| 2.9.2. | Delta Downs Racetrack and Casino, USA - keys |
| 3. | COMPONENTS OF AN ACTIVE RFID SYSTEM |
| 3.1. | Summary of today's RFID physical configurations |
| 3.1. | Basic operation of an active RFID system |
| 3.1. | The tag |
| 3.2. | The interrogator |
| 3.2. | RFID - basic operation |
| 3.2. | The spectrum of choice between stand alone and networked RFID systems |
| 3.3. | The spectrum of choice between basic number plate tags and those with high data retention |
| 3.3. | Short range semi- passive tags |
| 3.3. | Other system components. |
| 3.4. | Multi-tag reading (anti-collision) |
| 3.4. | Active beacon tags - long range |
| 3.4. | Spectrum of choice from short to long range |
| 3.5. | Choice of active RFID tags - typical cost, range, memory |
| 3.5. | Antenna hierarchy of Savi EchoPoint active RFID system |
| 3.5. | Choices of physical configuration of active RFID systems |
| 3.5.1. | RFID - basic operation |
| 3.5.2. | One at a time or many at a time |
| 3.5.3. | Active beacon tags - long range |
| 3.5.4. | Signpost system for long range active tag configurations |
| 3.5.5. | Real-time locating systems - long range |
| 3.6. | Options on range |
| 3.6. | Savi EchoPoint active tag |
| 3.6. | The commonly used licence free frequencies for active RFID |
| 3.7. | Various semi-active tags from Axcess Technologies |
| 3.7. | Systems aspects |
| 3.7.1. | Network vs stand alone |
| 3.7.2. | Stand alone - polled vs not polled |
| 3.7.3. | Networked - on-line |
| 3.8. | Networking at tag, reader or system level |
| 3.8. | Real Time Locating Systems - long range triangulation |
| 3.9. | WhereNet System Components |
| 3.9. | Data on the device or network |
| 3.9.1. | Spectrum of choice |
| 3.9.2. | Data capture on the tag or not - a summary |
| 3.9.3. | Continuous monitoring or not |
| 3.10. | Open and closed service provider access |
| 3.10. | Networks within networks - the "Russian Doll" approach |
| 3.11. | Three generations of active RFID |
| 3.11. | Networks within networks |
| 3.12. | Ad hoc / mesh networks |
| 3.12. | Technical performance for active RFID in crowded environments as a function of frequency in the view of Savi Technology |
| 3.13. | UWB frequency spread compared with some alternative active RFID bands in the microwave region. |
| 3.13. | The importance of interoperability |
| 3.14. | Choice of frequency |
| 3.14. | A Ubisense healthcare application of UWB active RFID. |
| 3.14.1. | Licence free frequencies |
| 3.14.2. | Ultra Wide Band |
| 3.15. | Supplier case studies |
| 3.15. | The elements of the Parco Wireless UWB RFID system |
| 3.15.1. | Parco Wireless |
| 3.15.2. | Ubisense |
| 3.15.3. | DSRC Industry Consortium |
| 3.15.4. | TagMaster |
| 3.16. | Parco UWB RFID tags |
| 4. | ACTIVE TAG CONSTRUCTION |
| 4.1. | Shapes of battery for small RFID tags advantages and disadvantages |
| 4.1. | The Power Paper battery |
| 4.1. | Overall construction |
| 4.2. | Batteries |
| 4.2. | The Infinite Power battery is very small |
| 4.2. | The spectrum of choice of technologies for batteries |
| 4.2.1. | Battery overview |
| 4.2.2. | Coin type batteries |
| 4.2.3. | Power Paper |
| 4.2.4. | Solicore, USA |
| 4.2.5. | Infinite Power Solutions, USA |
| 4.2.6. | Cymbet, USA |
| 4.2.7. | Blue Spark |
| 4.2.8. | Research |
| 4.3. | Examples of potential sources of flexible thin film batteries |
| 4.3. | Infinite Power batteries ready for use |
| 4.3. | Fuel cells |
| 4.4. | Photovoltaics |
| 4.4. | Cymbet lithium thin film flexible battery |
| 4.4. | Examples of universities and research centres developing laminar batteries. |
| 4.5. | Comparison of conventional active RFID with temperature/ time recording and Smart Active Label (SAL) versions. |
| 4.5. | Relative performance claimed by Cymbet for its flexible batteries |
| 4.5. | Photocapacitors and supercapacitors |
| 4.6. | Active RFID with sensing |
| 4.6. | Carbon-zinc thin film battery from Thin Battery Technologies. |
| 4.7. | Konarka photovoltaic flexible film |
| 4.8. | Smart label road map |
| 4.9. | Semi-passive RFID label from KSW Microtec |
| 5. | STANDARDS, PRIVACY AND ALLIED TECHNOLOGY |
| 5.1. | Standards |
| 5.1. | The most important standards for active RFID |
| 5.1. | Layers of logistic units |
| 5.1.1. | Standards for active RFID systems |
| 5.1.2. | Benefits of standardisation |
| 5.1.3. | Types of standard |
| 5.1.4. | Open and closed application systems |
| 5.1.5. | Standards organisations |
| 5.1.6. | Types of standard relating to item level RFID |
| 5.1.7. | When long range is a problem |
| 5.1.8. | Summary of the essential standards issues and opportunities |
| 5.2. | The relative benefits and disadvantages of IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.15.3a, IEEE 802.15.4 (WPAN) |
| 5.2. | The permitted frequency bands for RFID by territory |
| 5.2. | Radio regulations |
| 5.3. | Privacy issues |
| 5.3. | Bluetooth, WiFi, ZigBee and Semi-Active RFID compared |
| 5.3. | Examples of 802.11 and 802.15.5 tags and readers from Tagsense |
| 5.4. | ZigBee hierarchy |
| 5.4. | Bluetooth, WiFi, ZigBee, Active RFID and NFC compared and combined |
| 5.4.1. | Bridging the gap |
| 5.4.2. | Bluetooth and WiFi |
| 5.4.3. | ZigBee |
| 5.4.4. | Conventional active RFID |
| 5.4.5. | Combinations |
| 5.4.6. | Near Field Communications (NFC) |
| 5.4.7. | RFID and communications interfaces |
| 5.4.8. | A virtual connector |
| 5.4.9. | Link to RFID smart cards |
| 5.4.10. | NFC Forum created by Sony and Philips |
| 5.4.11. | Standardization of NFC |
| 5.5. | Siemens hierarchy of networks |
| 5.6. | ISO 18000-7 devices |
| 5.7. | X-Mark Systems prevent mismatching in hospitals |
| 5.8. | Identec Solutions semi-active RFID personnel tag. |
| 5.9. | Identec Solutions secure access configuration |
| 5.10. | Verichip (X-Mark Systems) wander prevention system for disoriented elderly in care homes and hospitals |
| 5.11. | Some applications for NFC, usually in the form of second generation (active RFID reader) cellphones |
| 5.12. | Vending and ticket machine payment |
| 5.13. | Smart posters |
| 5.14. | Music downloads |
| 5.15. | Frequent payments for less than £UK7 ($12.5) in a city such as London UK |
| 6. | REAL TIME LOCATION SYSTEMS (RTLS) |
| 6.1. | AeroScout WiFi RTLS tags |
| 6.1. | Triangulation, radio fingerprinting and multilateration |
| 6.2. | GPS |
| 6.2. | AeroScout WiFi armbands |
| 6.3. | Ekahau WiFi tag |
| 6.3. | WiFi RTLS from AeroScout |
| 6.4. | Supplier case study: Ekahau USA |
| 6.5. | Another form of RTLS |
| 6.6. | Near Field Electromagnetic Ranging (NFER) |
| 6.7. | Ultra Wide Band |
| 6.8. | Shakeout in Real Time Locating Systems |
| 7. | MARKETS |
| 7.1. | Global active RFID by value 2009-2019, tag vs non-tag (readers, software, services) in $ million |
| 7.1. | The future lower tag price - larger yearly numbers and the new tag technologies that will make it possible |
| 7.1. | Price sensitivity |
| 7.2. | Many bridges to cross |
| 7.2. | Market opportunity for disposable electronic displays |
| 7.2. | Global market for active tags in millions 2009-2019 |
| 7.3. | Global market for active tags - unit prices in dollars 2009-2019 |
| 7.3. | Global active RFID by value and type 2009-2019 |
| 7.3. | Forecasts for tags 2009-2019 |
| 7.4. | RFID enabled cellphones |
| 7.4. | Overlapping eras of evolution of active RFID in its new, broader definition, including use of the new radio systems for active RFID 1990-2025. |
| 7.4. | Tag market value of global market in millions of dollars 2009-2019 |
| 7.5. | Global market for readers, software and services in millions of dollars 2009-2019 |
| 7.5. | Global market for active tags in millions 2009-2019 |
| 7.5. | Active RFID suppliers |
| 7.6. | Impressions from the IDTechEx Active RFID and RTLS Summit |
| 7.6. | Global market for active tags - unit prices in dollars 2009-2019 |
| 7.6. | Sales of active RFID tags from 1944 to start of 2009 |
| 7.7. | Main frequencies by type |
| 7.7. | Tag market value of global market in millions of dollars 2009-2019 |
| 7.7. | Forecast for systems excluding tags 2009-2019 |
| 7.8. | Forecast of systems including tags 2009-2019 |
| 7.8. | Global market for readers, software and services in millions of dollars 2009-2019 |
| 7.8. | The value of the RFID enabled active RFID cellphone market |
| 7.9. | Some substantial opportunities for active RFID systems including tags in the next ten years |
| 7.9. | Malaysian project for Ubiquitous Sensor Networks etc based on its ultra small MM chip |
| 7.9. | The importance of logistics systems |
| 7.10. | Total RFID market |
| 7.10. | What is USN in Korea? |
| 7.10. | Main present and future locations of active RFID tags |
| 7.11. | The IDTechEx forecast for active RFID systems excluding tags 2009-2019 |
| 7.11. | Korean program towards ubiquitous sensor enabled RFID 2004 to 2010 |
| 7.11. | Number of suppliers 2009-2019 |
| 7.12. | An active RFID cellphone module |
| 7.12. | The total global spend on active RFID systems plus tags in US$ millions |
| 7.13. | Total active market as a portion of the total RFID market |
| 7.13. | Asset tags from Axcess |
| 7.14. | Present and next generation smart container market |
| 7.14. | Number of suppliers of active RFID doing serious business 2009, 2014, 2019 |
| 7.15. | 2012 Smart Container Market Segmented by Equipment Sales, Service & Communication Fees in millions of dollars |
| APPENDIX 1: GLOSSARY | |
| APPENDIX 2: ACHIEVING EFFICIENT GLOBAL LOGISTICS EXECUTION | |
| APPENDIX 3: IDTECHEX PUBLICATIONS AND CONSULTANCY | |
| TABLES | |
| FIGURES |
| Pages | 308 |
|---|---|
| Tables | 50+ |
| Figures | 100+ |
| Case Studies | 75 |
| Companies | 100+ |
| Forecasts to | 2019 |