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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS | |
1. | INTRODUCTION |
1.1. | Important functions that an active RFID tag can perform |
1.1. | RFID range required for typical applications |
1.1. | Background |
1.1.1. | Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) |
1.1.2. | Active vs passive RFID |
1.1.3. | Sub categories of Active tags |
1.1.4. | Three generations of active RFID |
1.1.5. | Many different ideal frequencies for active RFID |
1.1.6. | Smart Active Labels (SAL), Battery Assisted Backscatter |
1.1.7. | Cumulative sales active vs passive |
1.1.8. | Lessons from sixty years of active RFID |
1.2. | Active tag from Identec for anti-theft |
1.2. | Benefits and disadvantages of active RFID vs passive RFID |
1.2. | Historic active RFID tag sales 2005 to 2010 |
1.2.1. | Progress in 2005 |
1.2.2. | Progress in 2006 |
1.2.3. | Progress in 2007 |
1.2.4. | Progress in 2008 |
1.2.5. | Progress in 2009 |
1.3. | AIM survey of RFID user priorities |
1.3. | Passive RFID compared with the various types of active RFID |
1.3. | The active RFID value chain and paybacks |
1.3.1. | Value chain |
1.3.2. | Project costs and paybacks |
1.3.3. | Cost versus RFID choice |
1.4. | Road map of development of active RFID and allied technologies |
1.4. | The cumulative global sales of RFID tags active vs passive in millions to the beginning of 2010 |
1.4. | Total Asset Visibility |
1.5. | Civilian logistics - Smart and Secure Tradelanes |
1.5. | Sales of active RFID tags from 1944 to start of 2010 |
1.5. | RFID hierarchy |
1.6. | Active RFID characteristics |
1.6. | Value of RFID active tag market in 2005 |
1.6. | Five key priorities for TAV |
1.7. | The $1 billion yearly potential in the prison service |
1.7. | Value of RFID active tag market in 2006 |
1.7. | Frequency versus range |
1.8. | SAL-C concept of a warehouse managed using disposable SALs on packages. |
1.8. | Value Chain 2006 |
1.9. | Value of RFID active tag market in 2007 |
1.9. | An active RFID car clicker working in semi-active mode at 433 MHz |
1.10. | Value chain for active RFID in 2010 |
1.10. | Value Chain 2007 |
1.11. | Value of RFID active tag market in 2008 |
1.11. | RFID value chain in 2021 |
1.12. | RFID read range versus cost for different RFID systems |
1.12. | Value Chain 2008 |
1.13. | Value of RFID passive tag market in 2009 |
1.13. | Typical military deployment of active RFID tags |
1.14. | A military viewpoint of active RFID |
1.14. | Value of RFID active tag market in 2009 |
1.15. | Value Chain 2009 |
1.15. | Active RFID interrogator deployment in the Iraq war |
1.16. | Mobile interrogators in the Iraq war |
1.16. | Cost structure of active vs passive RFID projects |
1.17. | Active RFID in the prison and parole service |
1.17. | Write terminal and docking station |
1.18. | Survey of priorities in sea freight by AT Kearney |
1.19. | Sealing and anti-tamper capability with intermodal containers |
1.20. | Smart and Secure Tradelanes active RFID seal being used to lock an intermodal container |
1.21. | Final check of security at dock |
1.22. | Security check of truck at customs point - interrogator monitoring active RFID tag |
1.23. | Some of the potential benefits throughout the supply chain |
1.24. | RFID protecting keys against theft or misuse. |
1.25. | Wristwatch transmitters worn by inmates |
1.26. | Belt transmitters worn by officers and staff |
2. | LESSONS FROM CASE STUDIES OF ACTIVE RFID |
2.1. | Approximate distribution of case studies by range. |
2.1. | Active RFID wrist strap to protect disoriented patients |
2.1. | Spread of parameters and applications |
2.1.1. | Military, Logistics and Automotive/ transportation are dominant applications so far |
2.1.2. | Containers and vehicles are the main items that are tagged |
2.1.3. | Frequencies are varied |
2.1.4. | Ranges are varied |
2.1.5. | Totally new types of battery |
2.1.6. | The most important countries |
2.2. | Case studies of active RFID in manufacturing |
2.2. | TransCore system in action showing interrogators mounted on an overhead walkway |
2.2.1. | Volkswagen, Germany - work in progress |
2.2.2. | Peugeot, France - work in progress |
2.2.3. | Club Car, USA - work in progress |
2.2.4. | AM General, USA - part replenishment |
2.2.5. | Merrimac Industries, USA - tracking folders |
2.2.6. | BMW, UK - work in progress |
2.3. | Case studies of active RFID in transportation and automotive |
2.3. | EIRIS Technology IRFIDTM Components |
2.3.1. | 30 major car companies - vehicle immobilisers |
2.3.2. | Shanghai Xinzhuang Bus Terminal, China - tracking buses |
2.3.3. | NedTrain, The Netherlands - wheel maintenance |
2.3.4. | Tracker/ Police, UK - locating stolen vehicles |
2.3.5. | Hills, UK - numberplates |
2.3.6. | Ford, USA - location of new cars |
2.3.7. | Postauto Bus, Switzerland - bus terminal management |
2.3.8. | Tranz Rail, New Zealand - freight management |
2.3.9. | General Motors, USA - containers |
2.3.10. | Shanghai Railway, China |
2.3.11. | Hamburg Metro Germany |
2.3.12. | Parking, Arizona State University, USA |
2.3.13. | Korea World Cup vehicles |
2.4. | Case studies of active RFID in the air industry |
2.4. | EIRIS Technology Tags |
2.4.1. | Sepang Airport, Malaysia - catering trolleys |
2.4.2. | Los Angeles International Airport/ Long Beach, USA - vehicle tolling & management |
2.4.3. | Tacoma/ Seattle International Airport, USA - vehicle tolling & management / New York Newark International Airport, USA - vehicle tolling & management |
2.4.4. | Orange County Airport, USA - vehicle tolling |
2.4.5. | Hong Kong International Airport, China - catering trolleys |
2.4.6. | Vienna International Airport, Austria - ground support equipment |
2.4.7. | Charles de Gaulle International Airport, France - taxis |
2.4.8. | Envirotainer, Belgium - unit load devices |
2.4.9. | Air Canada - food trolleys |
2.4.10. | Arlanda International Airport, Sweden parking |
2.5. | Case studies of active RFID in healthcare |
2.5. | EIRIS Technology : Who, What, Where and When? - WWWWTM |
2.5.1. | National Health Service UK social workers |
2.5.2. | Massachusetts General Hospital, USA people and assets |
2.5.3. | St Elisabeth Medical Center patients USA |
2.5.4. | Hospitals, Israel and elsewhere - patient and staff tracking/ alert |
2.5.5. | Shelby County Regional Medical Center, USA - patient tracking |
2.5.6. | Royal Sussex County Hospital, UK - assets |
2.5.7. | HCA Hospital Dallas, USA - mother baby matching |
2.5.8. | HCA Hospital Arlington, USA - mother baby matching |
2.5.9. | French Blood Agency, France - chemovigilance |
2.5.10. | Alexandra Hospital, Singapore - people tracking for SARS and National University Hospital Singapore - people tracking for SARS |
2.5.11. | Hart District, UK - alarm for elderly |
2.6. | Case studies of active RFID in the military sector |
2.6. | EIRIS System Architecture |
2.6.1. | Kosovo/ US Military - military assets and supplies |
2.6.2. | Ministry of Defence, UK - military supplies |
2.6.3. | NATO Supreme Allied Commander Transformation (SACT) assets |
2.6.4. | Department of Defense, USA - medical supplies |
2.6.5. | Bosnia/ UK Military - supply chain. |
2.7. | Case studies of active RFID in logistics |
2.7. | EIRIS Technology Optimal Installation |
2.7.1. | NYK Logistics, USA - intermodal freight containers |
2.7.2. | Fluor Construction, USA pipe spools |
2.7.3. | Brink's, USA - transport container access |
2.7.4. | Felixstowe Dock & Rail Company, UK - Rubber Tyre Gantry Cranes RTGC handling intermodal containers |
2.7.5. | Agricultural Cooperative, France - vehicle tare weighing |
2.7.6. | Yard management, USA |
2.7.7. | Spittelau Thermal Waste Treatment Plant, Austria - trucks |
2.7.8. | Seattle Tacoma Sea Port, USA - intermodal container seals |
2.7.9. | Royal Mail, UK - roll cages |
2.7.10. | Parcelforce, UK - postal trailers |
2.7.11. | Mercator Transportation, USA - intermodal container tracking |
2.7.12. | Lynx Express, UK - roll cages |
2.7.13. | London Waste, UK - vehicles |
2.7.14. | J.A.M Distribution and Cemex, USA - vehicle loading and fuelling |
2.7.15. | HiroCem, Slovakia - trucks |
2.7.16. | DHL and Nokia, UK/ Finland - cases |
2.7.17. | Intermodal Cargo Shipments |
2.7.18. | Carlisle Carriers, USA - tractors and trailers |
2.7.19. | Alliant Atlantic Food, USA - access control |
2.7.20. | Somerfield Supermarkets, UK - trucks |
2.7.21. | Argos, UK - conveyances |
2.7.22. | Paramount Farms, USA - farming vehicles |
2.7.23. | Meat producer, Canada - case monitoring |
2.8. | Case studies of active RFID in Retail |
2.8. | ELPAS' System Architecture |
2.8.1. | Selfridges, UK - food containers |
2.8.2. | Safeway Supermarkets, UK - trolleys |
2.9. | Other |
2.9. | ELPAS' Healthcare Applications |
2.9.1. | HM Prison Service, UK - keys |
2.9.2. | Delta Downs Racetrack and Casino, USA - keys |
3. | COMPONENTS OF AN ACTIVE RFID SYSTEM |
3.1. | Summary of today's RFID physical configurations |
3.1. | Basic operation of an active RFID system |
3.1. | The tag |
3.2. | The interrogator |
3.2. | RFID - basic operation |
3.2. | The spectrum of choice between stand alone and networked RFID systems |
3.3. | The spectrum of choice between basic number plate tags and those with high data retention |
3.3. | Short range semi- passive tags |
3.3. | Other system components. |
3.4. | Multi-tag reading (anti-collision) |
3.4. | Active beacon tags - long range |
3.4. | Spectrum of choice from short to long range |
3.5. | Choice of active RFID tags - typical cost, range, memory |
3.5. | Antenna hierarchy of Savi EchoPoint active RFID system |
3.5. | Choices of physical configuration of active RFID systems |
3.5.1. | RFID - basic operation |
3.5.2. | One at a time or many at a time |
3.5.3. | Active beacon tags - long range |
3.5.4. | Signpost system for long range active tag configurations |
3.5.5. | Real-time locating systems - long range |
3.6. | Options on range |
3.6. | Savi EchoPoint active tag |
3.6. | The commonly used licence free frequencies for active RFID |
3.7. | Various semi-active tags from Axcess Technologies |
3.7. | Systems aspects |
3.7.1. | Network vs stand alone |
3.7.2. | Stand alone - polled vs not polled |
3.7.3. | Networked - on-line |
3.8. | Networking at tag, reader or system level |
3.8. | Real Time Locating Systems - long range triangulation |
3.9. | WhereNet/Zebra System Components |
3.9. | Data on the device or network |
3.9.1. | Spectrum of choice |
3.9.2. | Data capture on the tag or not - a summary |
3.9.3. | Continuous monitoring or not |
3.10. | Open and closed service provider access |
3.10. | Networks within networks - the "Russian Doll" approach |
3.11. | Three generations of active RFID |
3.11. | Networks within networks |
3.12. | Ad hoc / mesh networks |
3.12. | Technical performance for active RFID in crowded environments as a function of frequency in the view of Savi Technology |
3.13. | UWB frequency spread compared with some alternative active RFID bands in the microwave region. |
3.13. | The importance of interoperability |
3.14. | Choice of frequency |
3.14. | A Ubisense healthcare application of UWB active RFID. |
3.14.1. | Licence free frequencies |
3.14.2. | Ultra Wide Band |
3.15. | Supplier case studies |
3.15. | The elements of the Parco Wireless UWB RFID system |
3.15.1. | Parco Wireless |
3.15.2. | Ubisense |
3.15.3. | DSRC Industry Consortium |
3.15.4. | TagMaster |
3.16. | Impressions from the IDTechEx Active RFID and RTLS Conference |
3.16. | Parco UWB RFID tags |
3.17. | Asset tags from Axcess |
4. | ACTIVE TAG CONSTRUCTION |
4.1. | Shapes of battery for small RFID tags advantages and disadvantages |
4.1. | The Power Paper battery |
4.1. | Overall construction |
4.2. | Batteries |
4.2. | The Infinite Power battery is very small |
4.2. | The spectrum of choice of technologies for batteries |
4.2.1. | Battery overview |
4.2.2. | Coin type batteries |
4.2.3. | Power Paper |
4.2.4. | Solicore, USA |
4.2.5. | Infinite Power Solutions, USA |
4.2.6. | Cymbet, USA |
4.2.7. | Blue Spark |
4.2.8. | Research |
4.3. | Examples of potential sources of flexible thin film batteries |
4.3. | Infinite Power batteries ready for use |
4.3. | Fuel cells |
4.4. | Photovoltaics |
4.4. | Cymbet lithium thin film flexible battery |
4.4. | Examples of universities and research centres developing laminar batteries. |
4.5. | Comparison of conventional active RFID with temperature/ time recording and Smart Active Label (SAL) versions. |
4.5. | Relative performance claimed by Cymbet for its flexible batteries |
4.5. | Other power sources for active RFID - energy harvesters |
4.5.1. | Case Study of Energy Harvesting powered Active RFID Sensors |
4.5.2. | An Interview with EnOcean |
4.6. | Carbon-zinc thin film battery from Thin Battery Technologies. |
4.6. | Photocapacitors and supercapacitors |
4.7. | Active RFID with sensing |
4.7. | Konarka photovoltaic flexible film |
4.8. | Self-powered Wireless Sensor Technology from EnOcean |
4.9. | Solar powered wireless sensor node |
4.10. | Smart label road map |
4.11. | Semi-passive RFID label from KSW Microtec |
5. | STANDARDS, PRIVACY AND ALLIED TECHNOLOGY |
5.1. | Standards |
5.1. | The most important standards for active RFID |
5.1. | Layers of logistic units |
5.1.1. | Standards for active RFID systems |
5.1.2. | Benefits of standardisation |
5.1.3. | Types of standard |
5.1.4. | Open and closed application systems |
5.1.5. | Standards organisations |
5.1.6. | Types of standard relating to item level RFID |
5.1.7. | When long range is a problem |
5.1.8. | Summary of the essential standards issues and opportunities |
5.2. | The relative benefits and disadvantages of IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.15.3a, IEEE 802.15.4 (WPAN) |
5.2. | The permitted frequency bands for RFID by territory |
5.2. | Radio regulations |
5.3. | Privacy issues |
5.3. | Bluetooth, WiFi, ZigBee and Active RFID compared |
5.3. | Examples of 802.11 and 802.15.5 tags and readers from Tagsense |
5.4. | ZigBee hierarchy |
5.4. | Bluetooth, WiFi, ZigBee, Active RFID and NFC compared and combined |
5.4.1. | Bridging the gap |
5.4.2. | Bluetooth and WiFi |
5.4.3. | ZigBee |
5.4.4. | Conventional active RFID |
5.4.5. | Combinations |
5.4.6. | Near Field Communications (NFC) |
5.4.7. | RFID and communications interfaces |
5.4.8. | A virtual connector |
5.4.9. | Link to RFID smart cards |
5.4.10. | NFC Forum |
5.4.11. | Standardization of NFC |
5.5. | Siemens hierarchy of networks |
5.6. | ISO 18000-7 devices |
5.7. | X-Mark Systems prevent mismatching in hospitals |
5.8. | Identec Solutions semi-active RFID personnel tag. |
5.9. | Identec Solutions secure access configuration |
5.10. | Verichip (X-Mark Systems) wander prevention system for disoriented elderly in care homes and hospitals |
5.11. | Some applications for NFC, usually in the form of second generation (active RFID reader) cellphones |
5.12. | Vending and ticket machine payment |
5.13. | Smart posters |
5.14. | Music downloads |
5.15. | Frequent payments for less than £UK7 ($12.5) in a city such as London UK |
6. | REAL TIME LOCATING SYSTEMS (RTLS) AND WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS (WSN) |
6.1. | Defining features of the three generations of active RFID |
6.1. | AeroScout WiFi RTLS tags |
6.1. | Triangulation, radio fingerprinting and multilateration |
6.2. | GPS |
6.2. | AeroScout WiFi armbands |
6.3. | Ekahau WiFi tag |
6.3. | WiFi RTLS from AeroScout |
6.4. | Supplier case study: Ekahau USA |
6.4. | MicroStrain WSN node with 55 day battery life |
6.5. | WSN compared with Bluetooth and WiFi in respect of power and data rate. |
6.5. | Another form of RTLS |
6.6. | Near Field Electromagnetic Ranging (NFER) |
6.6. | WSN compared with other short range radio in respect of range and data rate typically available |
6.7. | Detailed view of range vs data rate |
6.7. | Ultra Wide Band |
6.8. | Shakeout in Real Time Locating Systems |
6.8. | A basic wireless mesh network |
6.9. | WSN backhaul |
6.9. | Third Generation Active RFID is WSN |
6.9.1. | Managing chaos and imperfection |
6.9.2. | The whole is much greater than the parts |
6.9.3. | Achilles heel - power |
6.9.4. | View from UCLA |
6.9.5. | View of Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers |
6.9.6. | View of the International Telecommunications Union |
6.9.7. | View of the Kelvin Institute |
6.9.8. | Contrast with other short range radio |
6.9.9. | A practical proposition |
6.9.10. | Wireless mesh network structure |
6.10. | Diagrammatic illustration of the three waves of adoption of active RFID. |
6.10. | Three waves of adoption |
6.10.2. | Subsuming earlier forms of active RFID? |
6.11. | Possible area of deployment vs system cost |
6.11. | Ubiquitous Sensor Networks (USN) and TIP |
6.12. | Defining features of the three generations |
6.12. | Tolerance of faults and unauthorised repositioning vs system cost |
6.13. | Tag cost today vs system cost |
6.13. | WSN paybacks |
6.14. | Supply chain of the future |
6.14. | Number of tags per interrogator vs system cost |
6.15. | Infrastructure cost vs system cost |
6.16. | RTLS progress towards the ultimate supply chain |
7. | MARKETS |
7.1. | Price sensitivity |
7.1. | Global active RFID by value 2010-2021, tag vs non-tag (readers, software, services) in $ million |
7.1. | The future lower tag price - larger yearly numbers and the new tag technologies that will make it possible |
7.2. | Market opportunity for disposable electronic displays |
7.2. | Global market for active tags in millions 2010-2021 |
7.2. | Many bridges to cross |
7.3. | Forecasts for tags 2011-2021 |
7.3. | Global market for active tags - unit prices in cents 2010-2021 |
7.3. | Global active RFID by value and type 2010-2021 |
7.4. | Overlapping eras of evolution of active RFID in its new, broader definition, including use of the new radio systems for active RFID 1990-2025. |
7.4. | Tag market value of global market in millions of dollars 2010-2021 |
7.4. | RFID Enabled Cellphones |
7.5. | Forecast for total systems plus tags |
7.5. | Global market for readers, software and services in millions of dollars 2009-2019 |
7.5. | Global market for active tags in millions 2010-2021 |
7.6. | Global market for active tags - unit prices in cents 2010-2021 |
7.6. | Sales of active RFID tags from 1944 to start of 2010 |
7.6. | Active RFID suppliers |
7.7. | Forecast for systems excluding tags 2011-2021 |
7.7. | Main frequencies by type |
7.7. | Tag market value of global market in millions of dollars 2010-2021 |
7.8. | Global market for readers, software and services in millions of dollars 2009-2019 |
7.8. | The value of the RFID enabled active RFID cellphone market |
7.8. | Forecast of systems including tags 2011-2021 |
7.9. | Total RFID market |
7.9. | Some substantial opportunities for active RFID systems including tags in the next ten years |
7.9. | An active RFID cellphone module |
7.10. | Main present and future locations of active RFID tags |
7.10. | WSN history and forecasts |
7.11. | Number of suppliers 2011-2021 |
7.11. | The IDTechEx forecast for active RFID systems excluding tags 2010-2021 |
7.12. | The total global spend on active RFID systems plus tags in US$ millions |
7.13. | Total active market as a portion of the total RFID market |
7.14. | IDTechEx WSN Forecast 2010-2020 with RTLS for comparison |
7.15. | Number of suppliers of active RFID doing serious business 2011, 2016, 2021 |
APPENDIX 1: GLOSSARY | |
APPENDIX 2: ACHIEVING EFFICIENT GLOBAL LOGISTICS EXECUTION | |
APPENDIX 3: IDTECHEX RESEARCH AND CONSULTANCY | |
TABLES | |
FIGURES |
Pages | 328 |
---|---|
Tables | 59 |
Figures | 115 |
Companies | 100+ |
Forecasts to | 2021 |