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1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS |
1.1. | Purpose of this report |
1.2. | Top ten electronic devices by number |
1.3. | Top ten electronic devices by power choices and issues |
1.4. | Some reasons for eliminating small batteries by application |
1.5. | Thirteen key conclusions |
1.6. | Three principles of batteryless operation of electronic/ electrical devices |
1.7. | Further conclusions |
1.8. | Energy harvesting options to power electronic and small electric devices |
1.9. | Promising future applications by preferred energy harvesting technology - examples |
1.10. | Example of battery issues: Galaxy S10+ phone teardown |
1.11. | LPWAN/ IOT node teardown and battery elimination Battery cost share |
1.12. | IoT battery elimination example March 2021 |
1.13. | Roadmap for electronic device harvesting 2021-2041 |
1.14. | 6G Communications roadmap to battery elimination 2021-2041 |
1.15. | Supercapacitor and device roadmap of battery elimination in electronics 2021-2041 |
2. | MARKET FORECASTS |
2.1. | Wireless electronics and small electric devices without batteries by type 2021 and 2041 |
2.2. | Wireless electronics and small electric devices without batteries % $billion by sector 2041 |
2.3. | IoT LPWAN connections |
2.4. | RFID forecasts |
2.5. | Thermoelectric energy harvesting for electronics: units, unit price, market value 2020-2040 |
2.6. | Thermoelectric energy harvesting for electronics 2019-2030 - dollars million |
2.7. | Thermoelectric energy harvesting transducers by application number, price, market value 2019-2030 |
2.8. | Thermoelectric energy harvesting for electronics 2019-2030 - unit value dollars |
2.9. | Thermoelectric energy harvesting transducers by application 2019-2030 - dollars million |
2.10. | Piezoelectric energy harvesting for electronics: market units, unit price, market value 2020-2040 |
2.11. | Piezoelectric energy harvesting for electronics: number, price, market value 2020-2030 |
2.12. | Piezoelectric energy harvesting for electronics: market units 2020-2030 |
2.13. | Piezoelectric energy harvesting for electronics: unit price 2020-2030 |
2.14. | Triboelectric transducer and self-powered sensors 2020-2040 $ million |
2.15. | Triboelectric transducer and self-powered sensors etc. 2020-2030 $ million |
2.16. | Electrodynamic energy harvesting for electronics: number, price, market value 2020-2040 |
2.17. | Electrodynamic energy harvesting for electronics: market value 2020-2030 |
2.18. | Electrodynamic energy harvesting for electronics: units 2020-2030 |
2.19. | Electrodynamic energy harvesting for electronics: unit price 2020-2030 |
2.20. | Global supercapacitor value market by territory 2021-2041 |
2.21. | Continuous glucose monitoring CGM in context $ million to 2029 |
2.22. | 6G smartphones and total cellphones 2021-2041 |
3. | INTRODUCTION |
3.1. | Overview |
3.2. | Power needed by electronics and small electrical devices |
3.3. | Battery problems and alternatives |
3.4. | Drivers and facilitators of battery elimination How it becomes more necessary and easier |
3.5. | Rapid improvement in alternatives and more of them |
3.6. | How to improve, shrink and eliminate batteries |
3.7. | Principles of batteryless operation |
3.8. | Battery Eliminator Circuits BEC |
3.9. | Energy harvesting for devices Some options compared |
3.10. | Example of harvesting ambient RF |
3.11. | Example of thermoelectric harvesting: KCF Technologies |
4. | HEALTHCARE AND WEARABLES |
4.1. | Overview |
4.2. | Harvesting acoustic movement: infrasound not vibration |
4.3. | More efficient electrodynamic harvesting with mechanical storage |
4.4. | Kinetic energy harvesters without the need of a battery |
4.5. | Piezoelectric and triboelectric |
4.6. | Batteryless implanted pacemaker examples |
4.7. | RF powered |
4.8. | Battery-free patch monitoring by optical power transfer |
4.9. | Smart bandage battery-free |
4.10. | Two batteryless triboelectric facemasks activated by breathing |
4.11. | Thermoelectric battery-free wearables |
4.12. | Wind-up foetal heart monitor |
4.13. | Portal Instruments batteryless needle-free jet injection platform |
5. | 5. IOT, SRWN, LPWAN BATTERY ELIMINATION |
5.1. | Overview |
5.2. | The IoT problem |
5.3. | Area wireless networks |
5.4. | Trameto multimode battery-free IoT |
5.5. | Smaller, lighter photovoltaic IoT node |
5.6. | Matrix thermoelectric power for IoT |
5.7. | 21 LPWAN silicon manufacturers - partners for IoT |
5.8. | EH developers should talk to these 17 WPAN module and chipset makers |
5.9. | Smart metering |
5.10. | RFID sensors |
5.11. | IoT redefined to save embarrassment |
5.12. | Paradise delayed |
5.13. | Cognitive buildings |
6. | 6G COMMUNICATIONS WIET ELIMINATING BATTERIES |
6.1. | Overview |
6.2. | Parasitic power from human RF emissions |
6.3. | Cards, wireless sensors and RFID parasitically powered from 5G |
6.4. | 6G communications reducing and eliminating batteries Overview |
6.5. | 6G wireless information and energy transfer WIET |
6.6. | The case against 6G |
6.7. | 6G roadmap 2021-2041 |
7. | SIX ROUTES TO BATTERYLESS CELLPHONES AND WEARABLES |
7.1. | Ressence Model 2 and Swatch |
7.2. | Batteryless energy independent smartphones 2036 Overview of six routes |
7.3. | Battery-free cellphone using ambient light or RF |
7.4. | Towards Battery-Free HD Video Streaming |
8. | BATTERY ELIMINATION BY WET TO RFID, NFC, RTLS |
8.1. | The option of directed RF powering |
8.2. | Radio Frequency Identification RFID |
8.3. | RFID system choices |
8.4. | RFID formats, uses, RAIN |
8.5. | Deployed RFID tags 99.6% being without batteries |
8.6. | Battery elimination in BAP tags |
8.7. | Battery elimination in active RFID tags |
8.8. | RFID sensors |
8.9. | Bluetooth and LPWAN replacing active RFID |
8.10. | Real Time Locating Systems RTLS battery elimination |
9. | ELIMINATING BATTERIES FROM BUILDING CONTROLS |
9.1. | Building & home automation: EnOcean |
9.2. | Building controls without energy storage: EnOcean Alliance |
9.3. | Easy to install |
9.4. | System |
9.5. | Protocol choice |
9.6. | Distance |
9.7. | Frequency |
9.8. | Protocol options |
9.9. | Bluetooth and Bluetooth Smart |
9.10. | Bluetooth Mesh: Silvair partnership |
9.11. | Bluetooth Infrastructure |
9.12. | Controlling Bluetooth Systems |
9.13. | Beacons and Sensor Nodes |
9.14. | Locating Sensor Beacons |
9.15. | Beacons: iBeacon Frame Format |
9.16. | Beacons: Eddystone Frame Format |
9.17. | Switches |
9.18. | Sensors |
9.19. | EnOcean Energy Harvesting |
9.20. | Dolphin IoT |
9.21. | The EnOcean Alliance |
10. | THE ENERGY HARVESTING TOOLBOX |
10.1. | Examples of photovoltaics in electronic devices |
10.2. | PV mechanisms: status, benefits, challenges, market potential compared |
10.3. | Wafer vs thin film photovoltaics 2020-2040 |
10.4. | Amorphous silicon dead end |
10.5. | Thin film more efficient than rigid silicon 2030-2040? |
10.6. | Important PV options beyond silicon compared |
10.7. | Production readiness of Si alternatives for mainstream electronics |
10.8. | Triboelectric harvesting technology for electronics Terminology is a nightmare |
10.9. | Overview |
10.10. | Four ways to make a TENG |
10.11. | TENG modes with advantages, potential uses |
10.12. | Targeted applications |
10.13. | Hype curve for triboelectric devices |
10.14. | Some targeted medical applications |
10.15. | Battery free electronics: toys, biosensors, wearables |
10.16. | Transparent, stretchable: an example |
10.17. | Wind, river or tidal generation for electronic devices |
10.18. | Triboelectric dielectric series |
10.19. | Triboelectric dielectric series examples showing wide choice of properties |
10.20. | Thermoelectric generator design considerations |
10.21. | Thin film thermoelectric generators |
10.22. | SOFT report on TE for electronics |
10.23. | Examples of commercial and imminent applications |
10.24. | Gentherm Global Power Technologies |
10.25. | Marlow Industries |
10.26. | Best in class: Matrix Industries |
10.27. | Matrix solar + thermoelectric watch |
10.28. | Building & home automation: EnOcean |
10.29. | KCF Technologies |
10.30. | Automotive and IoT |
10.31. | PowerPot™ Biolite ™ and Spark ™ charging personal electronics |
10.32. | Other industrial, military |
10.33. | Collaborations, mergers and exits |
10.34. | Impactful new research |
10.35. | First stretchable thermoelectrics |
10.36. | Pyroelectric underwhelms |
10.37. | Report 2021 - Energy harvesting made possible with skin temperature |
10.38. | Improved thermoelectric wearables |
10.39. | Electrodynamic - basics |
10.40. | EnOcean GmbH and EnOcean Alliance |
10.41. | Seiko Kinetic electrodynamically harvesting watch |
10.42. | Kinetron |
10.43. | Kinetron micro turbines |
10.44. | Harnessing linear movement |
10.45. | Human movement harvesting |
10.46. | Crank charged consumer electronics |
10.47. | Travellers use wind, water |
10.48. | 6D movement harvesting WITT energy |
10.49. | Piezoelectric - basics |
10.50. | Piezo harvester application by mode |
10.51. | Manufacture: Typical processes |
10.52. | Collagen piezoelectric for disposables, implants, wearables |
10.53. | MEMS |
10.54. | Examples of MEMS harvesting |
10.55. | Piezoelectric switches Piezo harvesters for the human body |
10.56. | Conformal piezoelectric harvesting for implants |
10.57. | Inner ear |
10.58. | Wrist health monitor |
10.59. | Patient behaviour monitoring |
10.60. | Automotive and aerospace |
10.61. | Algra |
10.62. | Electromagnetic radiation made for other purposes |
10.63. | Power cable magnetic field |
10.64. | Cellular transmissions |
10.65. | Terahertz radiation |
11. | SUPERCAPACITORS REPLACING BATTERIES |
11.1. | How they replace batteries |
11.2. | A closer look |
11.3. | Emerging W/kg & Wh/kg creates new markets |
11.4. | Regional differences and typical applications |
12. | SUPERCAPACITOR MANUFACTURERS |
12.1. | Explanation of our 10 assessment columns |
12.2. | CRRC supercapacitors |
12.3. | Ioxus |
12.4. | Ioxus lead-free replacement for truck batteries |
12.5. | Nippon Chemicon supercapacitor for Mazda car |
12.6. | Supreme Power Solutions (SPS) China |
Slides | 339 |
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Forecasts to | 2041 |
ISBN | 9781913899417 |