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1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS |
1.1. | The decade of hybrid vehicles |
1.1. | Projection of electric car battery packs number thousands, 2011-2021, rounded |
1.1. | Comparison of the price, performance, safety compromise of lithium-ion traction battery packs |
1.2. | Projection of electric car battery packs (based on one per vehicle) number thousands, ex factory unit price in thousands of dollars and total value in billions of dollars 2011-2021, rounded |
1.2. | Projection of electric car battery packs ex factory unit price in thousands of dollars, 2011-2021, rounded |
1.2. | Total car traction battery market value 2011-2021 |
1.3. | The market for traction batteries for new cars |
1.3. | Projection of electric car battery packs total value in billions of dollars 2011-2021, rounded |
1.3. | IDTechEx projection for total car traction battery pack sales in $ billion 2010-2020 |
1.4. | Market forecasts for traction battery packs for new cars in units, ex factory price and value 2010-2020 |
1.4. | IDTechEx projection for total car traction battery pack sales in $ billion 2010-2020 |
1.4. | Cells - modules - battery packs |
1.5. | Replacement car traction battery pack market 2010-2020 |
1.5. | Market forecasts for traction battery packs for new cars in units 2010-2020 |
1.5. | Replacement market for car traction battery packs in value $ million 2010-2020 |
1.5.1. | Lithium polymer electrolyte now important |
1.5.2. | Winning chemistry |
1.5.3. | Winning lithium traction battery manufacturers |
1.5.4. | Making lithium batteries safe |
1.6. | Fuel cells |
1.6. | 71 vertically integrated lithium traction battery cell manufacturers, their chemistry, cell geometry and customer relationships (not necessarily orders) |
1.6. | Market forecasts for traction battery packs for new cars ex factory price 2010-2020 |
1.7. | Market forecasts for traction battery packs for new cars value 2010-2020 |
1.7. | How to reduce the cost and increase the performance of lithium car traction batteries. |
1.7. | Traction batteries today |
1.8. | How to improve lithium car traction batteries |
1.8. | Improvement in cost and performance of hybrid and pure electric vehicle traction battery packs 2009-2020 |
1.8. | Comparison of cells, modules and battery packs. |
1.9. | Replacement market for car traction battery packs in value $ million 2010-2020 |
1.9. | Links between Japanese and Korean car manufacturers and lithium traction battery manufacturers in 2010 |
1.9. | Expected car traction battery improvement 2009-2020 |
1.10. | Other potential winners |
1.10. | Links between European car manufacturers and lithium traction battery manufacturers in 2010 |
1.10. | Approximate percentage of manufacturers offering traction batteries with less cobalt vs those offering ones with no cobalt vs those offering both. We also show the number of suppliers that offer lithium iron phosphate versions. |
1.11. | The UPS 747 that crashed in the UAE with a shipment of lithium batteries |
1.11. | Links between US and other car manufacturers and lithium traction battery manufacturers. |
1.12. | Possible evolution of affordable, mainstream electric cars showing the convergence of hybrid and a pure electric technologies. |
1.13. | Prototype gas turbine suitable as range extender |
1.14. | Traction battery pack nominal energy storage vs battery pack voltage for mild hybrids in red, plug on hybrids in blue and pure electric cars in green |
1.15. | Volumetric vs gravimetric energy density of batteries used in vehicles. |
2. | INTRODUCTION |
2.1. | Success with other EVs |
2.1. | Series parallel hybrid by Pieper of Belgium in 1899 - principle of today's best selling hybrid the Toyota Prius |
2.1. | Prius NiMH traction battery evolution |
2.2. | Applicants to accelerate the manufacturing and deployment of the next generation of US batteries and electric vehicles |
2.2. | Toyota Prius NiMH traction battery |
2.2. | Sad history of on-road electric cars then a tipping point |
2.2.1. | Why on-road cars are so very different |
2.2.2. | Dramatic tipping point in 2009 - the market comes alive |
2.2.3. | Consumer acceptance of the latest hybrids |
2.2.4. | Rapid recent progress with pure electric vehicles |
2.3. | The ideal car traction battery |
2.3. | Toyota Highlander Hybrid Battery |
2.3.1. | All hybrids |
2.3.2. | Mild hybrids |
2.3.3. | Plug in hybrids |
2.3.4. | Pure electric vehicles |
2.3.5. | Recent progress |
2.4. | Traction battery achievements and problems so far |
2.4. | Changfeng CS7 |
2.4.1. | Batteries for the best seller - the Prius hybrid |
2.4.2. | China resurgent |
2.4.3. | Specifications |
2.4.4. | Changfeng hybrid |
2.4.5. | Bright Automotive hybrid |
2.4.6. | Chevrolet Volt hybrid |
2.4.7. | Pure electric family cars - the race for range |
2.4.8. | New Power of China pure electric |
2.4.9. | BYD of China pure electric and hybrid |
2.4.10. | Tesla pure electric |
2.4.11. | Lightning pure electric |
2.4.12. | Subaru Stella pure electric |
2.4.13. | Nissan Leaf |
2.5. | Design considerations |
2.5. | Zhong Tai pure electric car by New Power of China |
2.5.1. | Future evolution of hybrids and pure electric cars |
2.5.2. | Battery performance over time - battery life |
2.5.3. | Battery state of charge |
2.5.4. | Depth of discharge affects life |
2.5.5. | Capacity rating |
2.5.6. | Daily depth of discharge |
2.5.7. | Charging and discharging rates |
2.5.8. | Plug in requirements align with pure electric cars |
2.5.9. | Hybrids need power and pure electrics need capacity - for now |
2.5.10. | Parallel hybrids differ |
2.5.11. | Plug in hybrids try to be the best of both worlds |
2.5.12. | Watt hours per mile |
2.5.13. | Charging rates |
2.5.14. | Custom packaging |
2.6. | Charging infrastructure |
2.6. | The BYD E6 pure electric car |
2.6.1. | Need for standard connection |
2.6.2. | Need for widespread charging infrastructure |
2.6.3. | Battery changing as an alternative, Volt, e-Smart, Bee |
2.7. | Government support |
2.7. | Tesla Motors Roadster pure electric performance car |
2.7.1. | The Chinese billions |
2.7.2. | The Obama billions |
2.8. | Tesla battery pack with coolant tubes at bottom. |
2.9. | The Lighting pure electric sports car |
2.10. | Subaru Stella pure electric vehicle |
2.11. | The planned Nissan Leaf pure electric car |
2.12. | Nissan leaf lithium traction batteries |
2.13. | Nissan Leaf charging points |
2.14. | Nissan Leaf dashboard |
2.15. | Possible evolution of affordable, mainstream electric cars showing the convergence of hybrid and a pure electric technologies |
2.16. | Frazer Nash Namir |
2.17. | Battery specification based on end of life |
2.18. | Car traction battery operating requirements compared |
2.19. | Example of a proposed SAE J1772™ charging interface for cars |
2.20. | Toyota Prius being charged |
2.21. | Chevrolet Volt |
2.22. | Electric Smart car |
2.23. | Bee's Bee. One four-seater compact car with fast change battery |
3. | CHEMICAL, PHYSICAL AND ELECTRICAL OPTIONS COMPARED |
3.1. | Comparison of electrochemical options |
3.1. | Volumetric vs gravimetric energy density of batteries used in vehicles. |
3.1. | Properties of metals used in metal air batteries |
3.1.1. | Volumetric vs gravimetric energy density |
3.1.2. | Supercapacitors can help |
3.1.3. | Lithium challenges |
3.1.4. | Lead acid is simple |
3.1.5. | Needs |
3.2. | Lead acid improvement |
3.2. | Examples of energy density figures for batteries, supercapacitors and other energy sources |
3.2. | Energy density vs power density for storage devices |
3.2.1. | Bipolar lead acid |
3.2.2. | Nickel metal hydride |
3.2.3. | Sodium |
3.2.4. | Zinc air |
3.2.5. | The many lithium options |
3.2.6. | Lithium polymer electrolyte now important |
3.2.7. | Genuinely Solid State Traction Batteries |
3.3. | Department of Energy evaluation |
3.3. | ReVolt comparison of battery parameters with zinc air |
3.3. | Comparison of lead acid and lithium traction batteries in cars |
3.4. | How to reduce the cost and increase the performance of lithium car traction batteries |
3.4. | Properties of various lithium technologies for traction batteries compared to zinc air |
3.4. | New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization evaluation |
3.5. | How to improve lithium-ion batteries |
3.5. | LiFeBATT 40138 Cell |
3.5.1. | View of US Department of Energy panel of experts |
3.5.2. | Improving the charge-discharge speed of lithium-ion batteries |
3.5.3. | Improving life |
3.6. | Intrinsically safe lithium-ion batteries |
3.6. | Traction battery nominal energy storage vs battery pack voltage for mild hybrids in red, plug on hybrids in blue and pure electric cars in green |
3.6.1. | Intrinsically safe against fire |
3.6.2. | Intrinsically safe against over charging |
3.6.3. | Trends in energy storage vs battery pack voltage |
3.7. | Supercabatteries |
3.7.1. | Lead carbon |
3.8. | Materials vulnerable to price hikes |
3.8.1. | Lithium |
3.8.2. | Lanthanum |
4. | PROGRESS WITH NEW GENERATION LITHIUM TRACTION BATTERIES |
4.1. | Introduction |
4.1. | Future improvement in power and energy density |
4.1. | Typical lithium iron phosphate traction battery |
4.2. | Subaru lithium ion manganese battery |
4.2. | Lithium manganese |
4.3. | Lithium iron phosphate |
4.3. | Mitsubishi lithium-ion batteries for cars |
4.3.1. | Recharging breakthrough |
4.4. | Lithium air and lithium metal |
4.4. | In wheel system of Mitsubishi |
4.5. | Improved lithium phosphate cathode material in a Petri dish |
4.5. | Lithium sulfur |
4.5.1. | Other challenges |
4.6. | Lithium air batteries |
4.7. | Li-S Cell Configuration |
4.8. | Ragone plots for different rechargeable systems |
4.9. | Active Materials Transformation Diagram |
4.10. | Prototype lithium sulfur battery by Sion Power |
5. | SAFETY OPTIONS |
5.1. | Preventing explosion or fire |
5.1. | A typical gasoline fire |
5.2. | Laptop fires caused by lithium cobalt batteries |
5.2. | Preventing radiation |
5.3. | Electric shock |
5.3. | Gasoline powered car after an explosion |
5.4. | Poisonous gas |
6. | PROFILES OF 41 DEVELOPERS AND PRODUCERS |
6.1. | A123Systems USA with GE USA and Fisker |
6.1. | Geographical distribution of 50 profiled on-road car traction battery and technology suppliers and aspiring suppliers excluding companies that are primarily car manufacturers |
6.1. | GS Yuasa Corporation consolidated financial highlights (in billions of yen unless specified) |
6.1.1. | GE has its own battery plant |
6.2. | Advanced Battery Technologies (ABAT) China |
6.2. | BYD financials |
6.2. | Chevrolet Volt lithium-ion battery |
6.3. | Chrysler electric minivan |
6.3. | Altair Nanotechnologies (Altairnano) USA |
6.4. | Automotive Energy Supply Japan, NEC, Nissan |
6.4. | Altairnano view of some of the primary performance advantages of its lithium traction batteries |
6.5. | Pininfarina Bolloré B0 electric car powered by Bolloré lithium polymer batteries |
6.5. | Axeon UK |
6.6. | BASF Germany and Sion Power USA |
6.6. | LEV electric car by Qingyuan Motors |
6.6.1. | BASF licenses Argonne Lab's cathode material |
6.7. | Blue Energy, Lithium Energy Japan - GS Yuasa Japan with Honda, Mitsubishi |
6.7. | Continental lithium ion traction battery |
6.8. | Safety testing of Continental lithium ion traction batteries. |
6.8. | Bolloré France and Pininfarina |
6.9. | BYD China with Volkswagen etc |
6.9. | East Penn lead acid battery for golf cars |
6.9.1. | Volkswagen |
6.9.2. | Car superlatives |
6.9.3. | Plans for the USA |
6.10. | China BAK in China |
6.10. | Hummer H3 ReEV Lithium Ion SuperPolymer battery pack made by Electrovaya. |
6.11. | Enerdel traction battery |
6.11. | Coda Battery Systems, Lio Energy Systems, Yardney USA, Tianjin Lishen China |
6.12. | Continental Germany and ENAX Japan |
6.12. | Furukawa Cycle-service storage battery for Golf Cars |
6.13. | 25Ah lithium-ion battery cell for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. |
6.13. | East Penn Manufacturing Corporation |
6.14. | Electrovaya Canada |
6.14. | Smith electric vehicle |
6.15. | LiFeBatt manufacture |
6.15. | EnerDel USA and Nissan |
6.15.1. | US DOE grant |
6.15.2. | Impressive production facility |
6.15.3. | Fireproof lithium |
6.15.4. | Link with Nissan |
6.16. | Enerize USA and Fife Batteries UK |
6.16. | Figure Magna Steyr traction battery pack capability |
6.17. | Magna Steyr energy battery for pure electric and plug in hybrid cars |
6.17. | Envia Systems USA |
6.18. | Evonik Industries Germany and Daimler |
6.18. | Magna Steyr power battery for hybrid cars |
6.19. | Toshiba e-bike battery |
6.19. | Furukawa Battery Japan |
6.20. | Hitachi Japan |
6.21. | IBM and National laboratories USA |
6.22. | Inci Holding Turkey |
6.23. | KD Advanced Battery Group Dow USA Kokam Korea |
6.24. | LG Chem Korea with Compact Power, GM etc |
6.24.1. | US DOE grant |
6.25. | LiFeBATT Taiwan |
6.26. | Lithium Technology Corporation/GAIA USA |
6.27. | MAGNA STEYR AG & Co KG |
6.28. | Mitsubishi Japan with Sumitomo Japan |
6.29. | Next Alternative Germany, Micro Bubble Technology Korea |
6.30. | Panasonic EV Energy, Sanyo Japan with Toyota, Volkswagen |
6.30.1. | 112 billion dollar merger |
6.30.2. | Panasonic EV Energy |
6.30.3. | Toyota demand |
6.30.4. | NiMH leadership, potential lithium leadership |
6.31. | Planar Energy Devices |
6.32. | PolyPlus Battery USA |
6.33. | PowerGenix USA |
6.34. | ReVolt Technologies Ltd Switzerland |
6.35. | Saft France, Johnson Controls USA, with Ford, BMW, Daimler |
6.35.1. | Saft |
6.35.2. | Johnson Controls |
6.35.3. | Joint venture |
6.36. | Sakti3 USA and General Motors |
6.37. | SB LiMotive Co. Ltd - Samsung Korea with Bosch Germany |
6.38. | Sony Japan |
6.39. | Superlattice Power USA |
6.40. | Toshiba Japan |
6.41. | Valence Technologies USA |
7. | MARKET FORECASTS FOR HYBRID AND PURE ELECTRIC CARS 2009-2019 |
7.1. | Car production |
7.1. | Global bicycle and car production millions |
7.1. | Crude oil prices 2003-2008 $/barrel |
7.2. | Global oil reserves, production and life |
7.2. | US oil production and imports |
7.2. | Cars and crude oil |
7.2.1. | Technical progress |
7.3. | Hybrid cars |
7.3. | Global sales of EV cars, hybrids, pure EVs and total in numbers 2009-2019 |
7.3. | Global sales of EV cars, including hybrids, pure EVs (including golf cars), total in thousands of units and ones that can be plugged in 2009-2019 |
7.3.1. | History of hybrid car sales |
7.4. | Forecasts 2009-2019 |
7.4. | Global sales of EV cars, hybrids, pure EVs and total in value ex-factory $ billion 2009-2019 |
7.4. | Global sales of EV cars, hybrids, pure EVs and total in value ex-factory $ billion 2009-2019 |
7.5. | Toyota Prius Sales by region 1997-2008 in thousands of units |
7.5. | Toyota Prius Sales by region 1997-2008 in thousands of units |
7.5. | Pure EVs |
7.5.1. | Total market |
7.5.2. | Will sales of pure electric cars overtake hybrids? |
7.5.3. | Market excluding golf cars |
7.5.4. | Golf cars |
7.5.5. | Fuel cell EVs |
7.6. | Prius US sales in units 2000-2008 |
7.6. | US hybrid sales by month showing sharp drop in 2008 and early 2009 |
7.7. | Estimates for historical global hybrid car sales in units by territory with % of whole |
7.7. | Estimates for historical global hybrid car sales in units by territory with % of whole. |
7.8. | Prius US sales in number and percent of US hybrid market |
7.8. | Prius US sales in number and percent of US hybrid market |
7.9. | Hybrid vehicle sales by manufacturer 2000-2006 |
7.9. | IDTechEx projection for global hybrid car sales by territory 2009-2019 in units and %. |
7.10. | Number sold by market leader Toyota of all hybrids globally, market share and market drivers |
7.10. | Reported hybrid vehicle sales in the USA as a percentage of total new light vehicle sales in March 2009 |
7.11. | Global hybrid vehicle market by country % 2007 |
7.11. | IDTechEx projection for global hybrid car sales 2009-2019 in units , ex works price and total value. |
7.12. | IDTechEx projections for global hybrid car sales units as % of total car sales 2009-2025 |
7.12. | Hybrid vehicle purchases by state in the USA in units 2007 |
7.13. | US hybrid vehicle sales by manufacturer % 2007 |
7.13. | Approximate number of hybrid models actual and planned by year 2000 to 2013 |
7.14. | Global pure EV car sales 2009-2019 in thousands of units |
7.14. | Hybrid vehicle sales by model |
7.15. | 2006 forecast of total car sales by region 2006/2011 and 2016 in millions of units |
7.15. | Global pure electric car sales 2009-2019 excluding golf cars and cumulative number of new models |
7.16. | Global pure EV golf car sales 2009-2019 |
7.16. | IDTechEx projection for global hybrid car sales by territory 2009-2019 in units and %. |
7.17. | Number sold by market leader Toyota of all hybrids globally and market drivers |
7.17. | Fuel cell EVs compared with battery pure EVs and ICE hybrids |
7.18. | IDTechEx projections for global hybrid car sales units as % of total car sales |
7.19. | Total sales and hybrids |
7.20. | Global pure electric car sales 2009-2019 excluding golf cars and cumulative number of new models since 2000 |
7.21. | Global pure EV golf car sales 2009-2019 |
8. | MARKET FORECASTS FOR TRACTION BATTERIES FOR CARS |
8.1. | Overview car traction battery market 2010-2020 |
8.1. | Market forecasts for traction batteries for new cars in units 2010-2020 |
8.1. | Market forecasts for traction batteries for new cars in units, ex factory price and value 2010-2020 and dominant technology |
8.2. | Replacement market for car traction batteries in value $ million 2010-2020 |
8.2. | Market forecasts for traction batteries for new cars ex factory price 2010-2020 |
8.2. | Replacement car traction battery market 2010-2020 |
8.3. | Total car traction battery market 2010-2020 |
8.3. | Market forecasts for traction batteries for new cars value 2010-2020 |
8.3. | IDTechEx projection for total car traction battery sales in $ billion 2009-2020 |
8.4. | Improvement in cost and performance of hybrid and pure electric vehicle lithium traction battery packs 2009-2020 |
8.4. | Replacement market for car traction batteries in value $ million 2010-2020 |
8.4. | Historical background statistics |
8.5. | NEV market |
8.5. | IDTechEx projection for total car traction battery sales in $ billion 2010-2020 |
8.6. | HEV battery sales by type 2000-2006 |
8.6. | Technology trends |
8.6.1. | Nickel metal hydride vs lithium |
8.6.2. | Nanobattery trends |
8.7. | Rechargeable battery sales by type 1972-2010 |
8.7. | Car traction battery performance 2009-2020 |
8.8. | Nanobattery trends including large format for hybrid vehicles |
APPENDIX 1: INTRODUCTION TO BATTERIES | |
APPENDIX 2: INTRODUCTION TO SUPERCAPACITORS | |
APPENDIX 3: IDTECHEX PUBLICATIONS AND CONSULTANCY | |
TABLES | |
FIGURES |
Pages | 293 |
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Tables | 41 |
Figures | 105 |
Forecasts to | 2021 |