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| 1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS |
| 1.1. | Purpose and definitions |
| 1.2. | Primary conclusions |
| 1.3. | Changing the world |
| 1.4. | Relevant megatrends beyond pollution Social megatrends red. Technological megatrends blue |
| 1.5. | Why electric cars are chosen |
| 1.6. | Electric car technology choices and trends |
| 1.6.1. | End game is not as popularly portrayed |
| 1.6.2. | From range anxiety to range superiority |
| 1.6.3. | Electric car powertrain evolution |
| 1.6.4. | Key enabling technologies by powertrain |
| 1.6.5. | Increasing importance of power electronics: proliferation and enhancement |
| 1.6.6. | Global electric vehicle companies |
| 1.7. | Why have autonomy? |
| 1.7.1. | Many autonomous car trials |
| 1.7.2. | Relative importance of powertrain and autonomy hardware markets 2017-2037 |
| 1.7.3. | BMW view of commoditisation of autonomous car hardware to 2021 |
| 1.8. | Evolution of battery energy density and cost |
| 1.9. | No steady progress to fewer components |
| 1.9.1. | Importance of benchmarking beyond cars |
| 1.10. | Mayhem in the car market |
| 1.10.1. | Growth to collapse: pure electric and commercial prevail number K |
| 1.10.2. | Escape routes for car makers and parts suppliers facing reducing sales 2030 |
| 1.11. | Market forecasts for cars and car-like vehicles |
| 1.11.1. | Car categories characterised |
| 1.11.2. | Car market dynamics by sector |
| 1.11.3. | Global forecasts by number thousand, 2017-2027 |
| 1.11.4. | Global forecasts by ex-factory price $k 2017-2027 |
| 1.11.5. | Global forecasts by market value $ billion 2017-2027 |
| 1.11.6. | Top five EV value markets 2017 There is a strong trend towards most cars being owned by taxi operators, rental companies and employers. Already 65% of cars in China are owned by companies. |
| 1.11.7. | Top five EV value markets 2027 Not included are 48V mild hybrid cars and taxis some of which may have brief pure electric modes by then, qualifying them as EVs. |
| 1.12. | Historic market data |
| 1.12.1. | Cars 2014-6 by powertrain and region Number K |
| 1.12.2. | Light vehicle plug-in by country to Sept 2016 cumulative and annual, per person |
| 1.12.3. | NEV China and other countries 2011-2015 |
| 1.13. | Other analyst's views and manufacturer targets |
| 1.14. | League table of EV manufacturers 2017 $ billion |
| 1.15. | Battery vs fuel cell assessment end 2016 |
| 1.16. | Premium pure electric cars in 2017 |
| 1.17. | The leaders in pure electric cars in 2017 |
| 1.18. | China weeds out small EV companies, pushes big ones harder |
| 1.19. | Fuel cell vehicles enter serious production |
| 1.20. | Electric car breakeven in context in 2017-8 |
| 1.21. | The saga of the future of automobile industry |
| 1.22. | Peak in overall car sales then peak in electric car sales k globally - goodbye to many things... |
| 1.23. | Electric vehicle powertrain evolution: typical figures expected for cars |
| 1.24. | Key enabling technologies by powertrain |
| 1.25. | Volvo Cars drops ICE only based cars by 2019. How radical is this? |
| 1.26. | XYT modular electric car |
| 1.27. | Focus on pure electric and PHEV |
| 2. | INTRODUCTION |
| 2.1. | What, where? |
| 2.1.1. | What are they? |
| 2.1.2. | What is the biggest applicational sector? |
| 2.1.3. | What is the end game? |
| 2.1.4. | Jargon buster |
| 2.2. | Technologies |
| 2.2.1. | Key enabling technologies are changing |
| 2.2.2. | Energy harvesting and regeneration becomes important |
| 2.2.3. | Voltages |
| 2.3. | Lessons past, present and future |
| 2.4. | Car demand: 15 year view |
| 2.5. | Examples of policy support mechanisms for plug-in electric cars |
| 2.6. | Territorial differences Cars will remain a huge business for decades and new opportunities will arise from the ashes |
| 2.7. | Huge impact of autonomous car as bus is calculated in 2017 |
| 2.8. | Learnings from Electric & Hybrid Conference Germany April 2017 and others in 2017 |
| 2.8.1. | Market drivers - PSA, AVL and Morgan Stanley view |
| 2.8.2. | Investment rises but car sales peak |
| 2.8.3. | Cost competitive |
| 2.8.4. | Pollution challenge |
| 2.8.5. | Session description |
| 2.8.6. | Fuel cells downplayed |
| 2.8.7. | Electrification of Daimler and PSA powertrains |
| 2.8.8. | Pure electric leveraging autonomy |
| 2.8.9. | Inductive charging and HEV gets squeezed |
| 2.8.10. | 48V Mild hybrids |
| 2.8.11. | Optimisation of 48V ICE |
| 2.8.12. | Rationale for two motor generators |
| 2.8.13. | Traction motors - In wheel traction motor rationale |
| 2.8.14. | Continental rear axle twin motor drive |
| 2.8.15. | PSA twin motor PHEV |
| 2.8.16. | Batteries - Daimler view |
| 2.8.17. | Solar |
| 2.9. | Electric Vehicle News from "IDTechEx Show!" Berlin May 2017 |
| 2.10. | Interview Mitsubishi Motors May 2017 |
| 2.11. | Lamborghini collaborate with MIT on self powering, self healing car |
| 3. | THE CHINA CAR PHENOMENON |
| 3.1. | Largest car market, government driven |
| 3.2. | Chinese car manufacturers coming up fast |
| 3.3. | Car market drivers in China Gao Feng Advisory Company commented as follows at the Electric & Hybrid EV Show Michigan 13.9.16 |
| 3.3.1. | Growth easing |
| 3.3.2. | Reinventing propulsion |
| 3.3.3. | New Energy Vehicles NEV |
| 3.3.4. | Battery Electric Vehicle and PHEV models planned |
| 3.3.5. | Government targets, influences, new value chain |
| 3.4. | U turn on hybrids HEV that do not plug in |
| 3.5. | Types of car manufacturing competitor |
| 4. | CAR POWERTRAINS |
| 4.1. | Overview: from range anxiety to range superiority |
| 4.2. | Choosing car powertrains |
| 4.3. | Influence of new ownership and business models |
| 4.3.1. | Ownership changes affect powertrains |
| 4.4. | Impact of autonomous driving on powertrains |
| 4.5. | Future powertrain options |
| 4.6. | Where cars are headed in 2030 |
| 4.7. | Common enablers |
| 4.8. | Powertrain parameter priorities |
| 4.9. | Disruptive and incremental change |
| 4.10. | Death of the strong hybrid HEV that does not plug in? |
| 4.11. | Car manufacturer powertrain priorities 2016-2030 |
| 4.12. | Primary trends powertrains 2017-2037 |
| 4.12.1. | Overview by type |
| 4.12.2. | Sequence of electrification of powertrains |
| 4.12.3. | Base solutions with performance variants |
| 4.13. | Powertrain timeline 2016-2036 |
| 4.14. | Car low carbon technology roadmap |
| 4.14.1. | Automotive Council UK roadmaps |
| 4.14.2. | Motorsport as an indicator of what may enter general use later |
| 4.14.3. | Influence of legislation - examples |
| 4.14.4. | Mild hybrid history |
| 4.14.5. | Existing 12V cars had almost run out of development potential |
| 4.14.6. | Evolution from stop-start to multifunctional rotating machines |
| 4.14.7. | How to make a 48V mild hybrid in latest form for a car |
| 4.14.8. | Different views concerning dual 12V + 48V systems expressed in our 2016 interviews and events |
| 4.14.9. | Heart of a 48V mild hybrid: popular starting point |
| 4.14.10. | Belt drive Jaguar Land Rover |
| 4.14.11. | ADEPT integrated starter generator project finished mid 2016 |
| 4.14.12. | Two REM: SuperGen |
| 4.14.13. | Bottom line for 48V mild hybrid powertrain |
| 5. | STRONG HYBRID ELECTRIC POWERTRAINS |
| 5.1. | Strong "Full" Hybrid Electric Vehicles |
| 5.2. | Strong hybrid configurations |
| 5.3. | PHEV models then pure electric PEV |
| 5.4. | Series hybrid |
| 5.5. | Parallel hybrid |
| 5.6. | Some series and parallel hybrid variants |
| 5.7. | Toyota viewpoint |
| 5.8. | Plug in option: Porsche assessment |
| 5.8.1. | Example Peugeot 2016 |
| 5.9. | Comparison of storage and range extender options |
| 5.10. | Range extenders in context |
| 5.11. | Fuel cells for traction |
| 5.11.1. | Fuel cell vehicle system |
| 5.11.2. | Fuel cell systems: size and refuelling |
| 5.11.3. | Fuel cell car prospects |
| 5.12. | Gas turbines, rotary combustion, free piston range extenders |
| 6. | PURE ELECTRIC VEHICLE PEV |
| 6.1. | Architecture |
| 6.2. | Powertrain: Peugeot |
| 6.3. | Nissan, Renault, Tesla, Volkswagen and trends |
| 6.4. | Ariel Electric Car |
| 6.5. | Trend in number and position of traction motors. |
| 6.6. | Energy storage issues |
| 6.6.1. | Traction battery |
| 6.6.2. | Battery Management System |
| 6.6.3. | Supercapacitor issues |
| 6.7. | Charging |
| 7. | ENERGY INDEPENDENT CARS |
| 7.1. | EIV operational choices |
| 7.2. | Key EIV technologies |
| 7.2.1. | EIV technology past, present and concept on land |
| 7.3. | Hanergy EIV cars in 2020 with GaAs photovoltaics |
| 7.4. | Immortus EIV car Australia |
| 7.5. | Stella Lux passenger car Netherlands |
| 7.6. | Car-like commercial EIV shows the way: IFEVS EIV pizza van self-powers travel, oven, lighting |
| 7.7. | Car-like Lizard tourist bus shows the way |
| 8. | SOME OF THE KEY ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES |
| 8.1. | The key enabling technologies are changing |
| 8.1.1. | Overview |
| 8.1.2. | Voltage trends |
| 8.2. | New electric powertrains will often be more complex |
| 8.3. | Energy storage |
| 8.3.1. | Rapid change |
| 8.3.2. | Rated power vs energy stored by technology |
| 8.3.3. | The role of energy storage technologies in electric vehicles |
| 8.3.4. | Comparison of energy storage options and configurations |
| 8.3.5. | EV battery impact |
| 8.3.6. | EV lithium battery pack price to 2030 |
| 8.3.7. | Lithium-ion traction battery chemistry preferences |
| 8.3.8. | Forecasts of energy density by type 2016-2028 |
| 8.3.9. | Rapid scale-up with rapid change of product spells trouble |
| 8.3.10. | Safety Warning |
| 9. | ROTATING ELECTRICAL MACHINES AND THEIR CONTROLS |
| 9.1. | Jargon buster |
| 9.2. | Typical electric car powertrain components and needs |
| 9.2.1. | Toyota compact car powertrain |
| 9.2.2. | Differences in need |
| 9.3. | Great improvements in traction motors with their controls are both needed and possible |
| 9.4. | Move to integration including in-wheel |
| 9.4.1. | Volkswagen approach to integration |
| 9.4.2. | Examples of trend to product integration: Protean, Toyota |
| 9.4.3. | Porsche view |
| 9.4.4. | UQM, Eaton and Pi Innovo |
| 9.4.5. | Eat or be eaten |
| 9.5. | Car motor systems for wider application/ volume |
| 9.6. | REM technologies performance in powertrains: the show so far |
| 9.7. | Toyota: Big Gains from Downsizing PM Motor for 2016-7 models |
| 9.8. | Move to more than one REM per car |
| 9.8.1. | Tesla, Mitsubishi |
| 9.8.2. | Reasons for multimotor trend Audi, Toyota, IFEVS |
| 9.8.3. | Oerlikon, IAV, Xtrac, Borg Warner, GKN, Yasa Motors |
| 9.9. | Effect of move to plug-in EVs: Porsche analysis |
| 9.10. | Technology choices |
| 9.10.1. | Technology preference by type of vehicle |
| 9.10.2. | Trend to high voltage, high speed motors |
| 9.10.3. | IDTechEx survey of 157 traction motor manufacturers: trends |
| 9.10.4. | Electric motor market dynamics |
| 10. | ENERGY HARVESTING INCLUDING REGENERATION |
| 10.1. | Energy harvesting: the new key enabling technology |
| 10.2. | Features of energy harvesting |
| 10.3. | Market drivers for energy harvesting |
| 10.4. | EH transducer options compared for all applications |
| 10.5. | Energy harvesting choices increase for cars |
| 10.6. | EH technology choice by intermittent power generated |
| 10.7. | EH transducer readiness compared: external vs regen |
| 10.8. | Experimental EH transducer options compared with the four winners so far |
| 10.9. | Powerful new EH inputs handled even with 48V Mild Hybrid |
| 11. | MEGATREND: STRUCTURAL ELECTRONICS |
| 12. | AUTONOMY TECHNOLOGIES |
| 12.1. | Terminology |
| 12.2. | Demand for autonomous cars |
| 12.2.1. | Commercial hire and taxi |
| 12.2.2. | Autonomous private cars? |
| 12.2.3. | Cost |
| 12.2.4. | First-ever public trial of a robo-taxi service |
| 12.2.5. | Hype curve for autonomy today |
| 12.3. | Convergence of technologies and new challenges |
| 12.3.1. | Overview |
| 12.3.2. | Legal issues BMW view |
| 12.3.3. | Operational challenges |
| 12.3.4. | Technical challenges, open platforms Delphi BMW |
| 12.3.5. | Ethical challenges |
| 12.3.6. | Insurance challenges |
| 12.4. | Technology of autonomous cars: Delphi Tesla Mobileye |
| 12.4.1. | Overview |
| 12.4.2. | Typical toolkit for car autonomy |
| 12.4.3. | Testing Google Delphi Mobileye Bosch Gateway |
| 12.4.4. | Simplifying the |
| 12.4.5. | Software vs hardware trends to 2030 |
| 12.4.6. | Automated Driver Assistance ADAS route to Autonomy |
| 12.4.7. | Processing capability, limitation, sensor fusion |
| 12.5. | LIDAR RADAR camera compared |
| 12.5.1. | Comparing LIDAR, radar and camera performance |
| 12.5.2. | Mercedes: Radar and camera converge to biomimetic |
| 12.5.3. | LIDAR evolution |
| 12.6. | Current players in car autonomy |
| Slides | 344 |
|---|---|
| Forecasts to | 2027 |