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1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS |
1.1. | Scope of report |
1.1. | Some common differences between the requirements of traction motors for pure electric vs hybrid electric traction vehicles |
1.1. | Percentage of traction motor suppliers offering synchronous , asynchronous or both versions in late 2014 |
1.2. | Higen view of choices of traction motors for electric vehicles and their relative attributes. |
1.2. | Examples of traditional limitations and market trends by type of basic design of traction motor |
1.2. | Overview of markets and needs |
1.3. | Many specific needs |
1.3. | Most likely winners and losers in the next decade |
1.3. | In-wheel motors needed for envisioned sky taxis and personal VTOL aircraft. Slides at 7th International Electric Aircraft Symposium. |
1.4. | Availability of hub and in-wheel motors by number of manufacturers |
1.4. | Tipping points for sales of certain EVs during the coming decade. |
1.4. | Common requirements |
1.5. | Trends |
1.5. | Number of hybrid and pure electric vehicles produced yearly worldwide 2014-2025 in thousands by category each has at least one electric traction motor |
1.5. | Approximate numbers of traction motor manufacturers making open market versions for rail alone, rail and EV and only for their own use in EVs with examples |
1.5.1. | General |
1.5.2. | Trend in motor types needed |
1.5.3. | Trend in motors offered: synchronous, asynchronous, brushed |
1.6. | Different requirements from pure electric vs hybrid EVs |
1.6. | Number of extra electric traction motors on vehicles where there is more than one (in thousands) 2014-2025 |
1.6. | Geographic distribution of EV traction motor suppliers |
1.7. | Price of electric motor-generator sets including controls/inverters and traction motors alone when they also act as generators in $K per vehicle 2014-2025 |
1.7. | Price of electric motor-generator sets including controls/inverters and traction motors alone when they also act as generators in $K per vehicle 2014-2025 |
1.7. | Regenerative braking considerations |
1.8. | Reducing limitations: trend by type |
1.8. | Electric motor-generator sets including controls/inverters and traction motors alone when they also act as generators market value $ billion paid by vehicle manufacturer 2014-2025 |
1.8. | Electric motor-generator sets including controls/inverters and traction motors alone when they also act as generators market value $ billion paid by vehicle manufacturer 2014-2025 |
1.9. | Two examples of costing of hybrid cars |
1.9. | Summary of preferences of traction motor technology for vehicles |
1.9. | In-wheel motor adoption criteria |
1.9.1. | In-wheel motors needed for envisioned sky taxis and personal VTOL aircraft |
1.10. | Value chain becomes more complex |
1.10. | Conventional car with 48 V electric torque assist as a new powertrain option shown yellow in powertrain options |
1.10. | Multiple drive concepts |
1.11. | Vehicles that have recently been redesigned from one traction motor to two. Top IFEVS pure electric microcar. Middle: 2015 Tesla Model S pure electric car. Bottom: the world's best-selling pure electric bus the BYD K9 now with two |
1.11. | Positioning of motor manufacturers |
1.12. | Location of motor manufacturers |
1.12. | Motor market value $ billion paid by vehicle manufacturer 2015 |
1.13. | Motor market value $ billion paid by vehicle manufacturer 2025 |
1.13. | Timelines of newly successful EVs |
1.14. | Traction motor forecasts of numbers |
1.14. | 48V mild hybrid powertrain in context |
1.15. | 48V mild hybrid powertrain potential elements |
1.15. | Global value market for vehicle traction motors |
1.16. | Rapid increase in number of motors per vehicle |
1.16. | Evolution from stop-start to multifunctional rotating machines |
1.17. | Motor technology by type of vehicle |
1.18. | Switched reluctance motors a disruptive traction motor technology? |
1.18.1. | Conventional car with 48 V electric torque assist |
1.19. | Three ways that traction motor makers race to escape rare earths |
1.19.1. | Example: Ricardo switched reluctance March 2015 |
1.20. | Motor market value in 2015 and 2025 |
1.21. | Percentage of vehicle cost |
1.22. | Shape of motors |
1.23. | Industry consolidation |
1.24. | Effect of 2015 oil price collapse on electric vehicles |
1.25. | Chasing higher motor efficiency |
1.26. | 48V mild hybrids |
2. | INTRODUCTION |
2.1. | Definitions |
2.1. | Advantages vs disadvantages of brushed vehicle traction motors for today's vehicles |
2.1. | Large format multirotor |
2.2. | Turnigy multirotor motor |
2.2. | Needs |
2.2.1. | Traction motors are different |
2.2.2. | Where different types of traction motor are popular |
2.3. | Electric vehicle motors rise to two per vehicle - multiplier of market size |
2.3. | Brushless outrunner motor in toy electric bike |
2.4. | Small multirotor |
2.4. | Multirotor drone motors and controls |
2.5. | Nanoflie |
2.6. | Coreless motor parts |
3. | DESIGN ISSUES |
3.1. | Challenges |
3.1. | Comparison of adoption of in-wheel motors by size of vehicle, with examples, benefits sought and challenges. |
3.1. | Ryno single wheel motorcycle |
3.2. | Toyota i-Road tilting 3 wheel motorcycle |
3.2. | Important aspects overall |
3.3. | Basic design of traction motor |
3.3. | Oerlikon Graziano- Vocis Driveline four-speed electric drive system |
3.4. | Kobra pure electric concept motorcycle designed for MotoCzsyz showing doubled up motors |
3.4. | Design choices beyond basic operation principle |
3.5. | Intermediate solutions |
3.5. | IFEVS-POLIMODEL - Oerlikon Graziano: to address and advanced powertrain with an automatic gearbox |
3.6. | IFEVS-POLIMODEL - SOLBIAN: to address smart photovoltaic |
3.6. | Tough challenges: no simple optimisation |
3.7. | Efficiency multiplier effect |
3.7. | IFEVS-POLIMODEL - SOLBIAN: to address smart photovoltaic and technology transversality |
3.8. | Mitsubishi motors two motor car system |
3.8. | Ways of using more than one motor |
3.8.1. | Double motors for efficiency |
3.8.2. | Coupling motors for extra power and series parallel hybrids |
3.8.3. | Two motors for four wheel drive |
3.8.4. | Tesla adds two motor model |
3.9. | In-wheel and near-wheel multiple motors |
3.9. | Aisin AW "AWFHT15", front wheel drive hybrid transmission with integral traction motor and generator that provides extra traction power when needed |
3.9.1. | Two types of in-wheel motor |
3.10. | Vertical integration |
3.10. | Aisin AW transmission with integrated traction motor and dynamo for Lexus GS450h, Toyota Crown Majesta |
3.11. | Volkswagen approach to increased integration of its EV traction motors |
3.11. | Trend to integration |
3.12. | Move to high voltage |
3.12. | Traction battery pack nominal energy storage vs battery pack voltage for mild hybrids in red, plug in hybrids in blue and pure electric cars in green |
3.13. | Typical e-powertrain components |
3.13. | Motor controls |
3.13.1. | Overview |
3.13.2. | Cost and integration issues |
3.14. | Award winning 2-in-1 motor for electric cars |
3.14. | Scientists from Nanyang Technological University (NTU) and German Aerospace Centre (DLR) have invented a 2-in-1 electric motor which increases the range of electric vehicles. |
4. | ANALYSIS OF 167 TRACTION MOTOR MANUFACTURERS |
4.1. | Traction motor manufacturers compared |
4.1. | 167 vehicle traction motor manufacturers by name, country, asynchronous/synchronous, targeted vehicle types, claims and images |
4.1. | Joanneum experimental snowmobile (Austria) |
4.2. | Streetscooter car and delivery truck (Germany) |
4.2. | Lessons from eCarTec Munich |
4.3. | Tesla Model S - crowd puller (USA) |
4.4. | Hyundai 1X 35 Pre-production Fuel Cell car (Korea) |
4.5. | Mercedes B Class, referred to as the Tesla Mercedes because that company, a Daimler investment, assisted in its creation. (Germany) |
4.6. | Romet car (Poland) |
4.7. | TukTuk taxi (Netherlands) |
4.8. | Nissan Taxi (Japan) |
4.9. | Green Go iCaro car (China) |
4.10. | Mercedes SLS AMG car (Germany) |
4.11. | Oprema concept (Slovenia) |
5. | MOTOR CONTROLLERS / INVERTERS |
5.1. | Introduction |
5.1. | Typical e-powertrain components |
5.2. | On-going Development of Hitachi automotive inverters |
5.2. | Wide band gap semiconductors |
5.3. | Essentials from the Power Electronics report |
5.3. | Toyota Prius 2010 electronic control unit showing bed of IGBT chips |
5.4. | The new MAN hybrid bus from Germany showing the power inverter and the use of a supercapacitor (ultracapacitor) instead of a battery, putting different demands on the power electronics |
5.4. | Optimisation using new devices and integration |
5.5. | Concern in Europe |
5.5. | Example of modern vehicle inverters from Phoenix international, a John Deere Company as exhibited ant eCarTec Germany October 2012. The large unit bottom left is used in the MAN hybrid electric city bus which uses supercapacitors |
6. | OTHER RECENT NEWS |
6.1. | Yamaha uses Zytek's new electric powertrain for city concept vehicle |
APPENDIX 1: LESSONS FROM BATTERY/EV EVENT MICHIGAN | |
APPENDIX 2: IDTECHEX RESEARCH REPORTS AND CONSULTANCY | |
TABLES | |
FIGURES |
Pages | 176 |
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Tables | 13 |
Figures | 53 |
Forecasts to | 2025 |