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| 1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS |
| 1.1. | Purpose of this report |
| 1.2. | Primary conclusions: where we are headed |
| 1.3. | Why we need electric agricultural vehicles |
| 1.4. | Farm of the future arriving now |
| 1.5. | Trends in types of farming |
| 1.6. | Primary conclusions: impediments to change |
| 1.7. | Primary conclusions: industrial trends EV and robotic |
| 1.8. | Primary conclusions: regional |
| 1.9. | Primary conclusions: technical |
| 1.10. | Primary conclusions: agricultural EV adoption |
| 1.11. | Patent analysis |
| 1.12. | Market forecasts agriculture electric vehicles 2020-2030 - number thousand |
| 1.13. | Market forecasts agriculture electric vehicles 2020-2030 - unit price $ thousand |
| 1.14. | Market forecasts agriculture electric vehicles 2020-2030 - market value $ billion |
| 2. | INTRODUCTION |
| 2.1. | The problem with agriculture |
| 2.2. | Needs and emissions |
| 2.3. | Emission push for pure electric equipment |
| 2.4. | Greenhouse and local emissions in agriculture |
| 2.5. | Extreme water shortage |
| 2.6. | Growing population and growing demand for food |
| 2.7. | Agriculture by region |
| 2.8. | Major crop yields are plateauing |
| 2.9. | Aging farmer population and urban migration |
| 2.10. | The case for indoor farming including vertical farming |
| 2.10.1. | Challenges in vertical farming |
| 2.10.2. | Indoor farming robotics experiments and concepts |
| 2.11. | Powertrain trends for electric vehicles in agriculture |
| 2.12. | LPWAN and IOT to EVs and assets |
| 3. | OPPORTUNITIES |
| 3.1. | View from the UK |
| 3.2. | View from Japan |
| 3.3. | Economics of agricultural machines |
| 3.4. | Transition towards to swarms of small, slow, cheap robots |
| 3.5. | Agricultural robotics and ultra precision = value chain upheaval |
| 3.6. | Business models between RaaS and equipment sales |
| 4. | AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY, TURF ELECTRIC VEHICLES IN ACTION |
| 4.1. | Overview: drones, land EVs and swarming |
| 4.2. | Transition to swarms of small, slow, cheap robots |
| 4.3. | Swarming robots: land and air |
| 4.3.1. | SAGA and SwarmFarm |
| 4.4. | Low cost standard software: DroneAG |
| 4.5. | Hopping drones: Crop Hopper |
| 4.6. | Land based EVs for agriculture: Overview |
| 4.7. | Turf care robots |
| 4.8. | Electric robot weeders: FarmWise, Naio etc |
| 4.9. | Tractors |
| 4.9.1. | Overview |
| 4.9.2. | Autonxt |
| 4.9.3. | Belarus Tractors |
| 4.9.4. | CNH Industrial |
| 4.9.5. | Farmtrac |
| 4.9.6. | Fendt (AGCO) |
| 4.9.7. | John Deere |
| 4.9.8. | Sonalika |
| 4.9.9. | STW |
| 4.9.10. | Ztractors Battery-electric |
| 4.10. | Planters |
| 4.10.1. | AGCO (Fendt) Xaver |
| 4.11. | Transporters |
| 4.11.1. | Alke |
| 4.11.2. | Nelson Mandela University |
| 4.12. | Forestry and turf |
| 4.12.1. | Overview |
| 4.12.2. | Forestry: Logset, Sennebogen |
| 5. | ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES |
| 5.1. | Seven key EV enabling technologies for agricultural EVs |
| 5.2. | Traction motors |
| 5.2.1. | Overview |
| 5.2.2. | Choices of motor position |
| 5.3. | Batteries and supercapacitors |
| 5.3.1. | Overview |
| 5.3.2. | Future W/kg vs Wh/kg 2020-2030 |
| 5.3.3. | Energy density 2020-2030 |
| 5.3.4. | Li-ion battery cost (industrial) $/kWh) 2005-2030 |
| 6. | ZERO EMISSION MICROGRIDS FOR AGRICULTURE |
| 6.1. | How to charge the vehicles: start with solar for zero emission |
| 6.2. | Solar vs diesel cost analysis |
| 6.3. | Solar bodywork: agricultural vehicles University of Sydney, Tesla |
| 6.4. | Mobile solar gensets |
| 6.5. | Photovoltaics does not have to kill farming |
| 6.6. | Zero-emission smart cities: power and food independent |
| 6.7. | Envision Solar transportable solar charger tracks the sun |
| 6.8. | Anatomy of a typical solar + battery microgrid |
| 6.9. | Zero emission microgrids: solar, water, wind reinvented |
| 6.9.1. | Overview |
| 6.9.2. | New options beyond solar: relocatable, much less intermittent |
| 6.9.3. | Open tide "tide stream" power options mimic wind power options |
| 6.9.4. | Comparison of off-grid technology options |
| 6.9.5. | New power generating technology kVA comparison |
| 6.9.6. | Airborne Wind Energy developers |
| 6.9.7. | Why AWE may be better than a conventional wind turbine |
| 6.9.8. | eWind specifically targets AWE for farms |
| 6.9.9. | Open sea wave power technologies for aquaculture |
| 7. | AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES IN AGRICULTURE |
| 7.1. | Agriculture autonomy by application |
| 7.2. | Market and technology readiness by agricultural activity |
| 7.3. | Driverless tractors: AGCO, ATC, Kubota, Yanmar, Kinze, CNH |
| 7.4. | Robotic fresh fruit harvesting |
| 7.5. | Robotic ultra precision weeding |
| 8. | AUTONOMY TECHNOLOGY: LIDAR, RADAR ETC. |
| 8.1. | Autonomy components and integration |
| 8.2. | Lidars |
| 8.3. | Radars |
| 8.4. | AI software and computing platform |
| Slides | 231 |
|---|---|
| Forecasts to | 2030 |