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1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS |
1.1. | Scope of the report |
1.1. | Relevant characteristics of the three categories of industrial and commercial vehicle |
1.1. | Numbers of EVs, in thousands, sold globally, 2012-2023, by applicational sector |
1.2. | Ex-factory unit price of EVs, in thousands of US dollars, sold globally, 2012-2023, by applicational sector, rounded |
1.2. | Global sales of heavy industrial (heavy lifting, eg forklift and heavy earthmoving/pulling) land EVs by numbers, ex-factory unit price and total value 2012-2023, rounded |
1.2. | Categories and trends |
1.3. | Forecasts 2012-2023 |
1.3. | Numbers of heavy industrial hybrid and pure land electric vehicles by type 2012-2023, numbers thousands |
1.3. | Ex-factory value of EVs, in billions of US dollars, sold globally, 2012-2023, by applicational sector, rounded |
1.4. | Global sales of heavy industrial (heavy lifting, eg forklift and heavy earthmoving/pulling) land EVs by numbers, ex-factory unit price and total value 2012-2023, rounded |
1.4. | Global sales of light industrial and commercial land EVs, including on-road trucks but excluding buses and taxis, by numbers thousands, ex-factory unit price in thousands of dollars and total value in billions of dollars 2012-2023 |
1.4. | Market drivers |
1.4.1. | Synergies |
1.4.2. | Importance of battery price |
1.5. | Numbers of manufacturers |
1.5. | Breakdown of numbers for 2013 |
1.5. | New Toyota forklifts |
1.6. | Global sales of light industrial and commercial land EVs, including on-road trucks but excluding buses and taxis, by numbers thousands, ex-factory unit price in thousands of dollars and total value in billions of dollars 2012-2023 |
1.6. | Global sales of buses, ex-factory unit price and total value 2012-2023, rounded |
1.6. | Full circle back to pure EVs |
1.7. | Key components |
1.7. | Global sales of electric taxis, ex-factory unit price and total value 2012-2023, rounded |
1.7. | Global sales of buses, ex-factory unit price and total value 2012-2023, rounded |
1.7.1. | Batteries |
1.7.2. | Motors |
1.7.3. | Power trains |
1.8. | Winning strategies |
1.8. | Some reasons why ICE vehicles are replaced with EVs |
1.8. | Global sales of electric taxis, ex-factory unit price and total value 2012-2023, rounded |
1.9. | The total hybrid and pure electric vehicle market in 2024 (figures rounded) |
1.9. | Approximate number of manufacturers of electric vehicles worldwide in 2014 by application with numbers for China |
1.9. | Many options just for urban buses |
1.10. | Electric Futures for Transport Conference London 7 March 2013 - Lessons Learned |
1.10. | 212 electric vehicle models analysed by category for % asynchronous, power and torque of their electric traction motors and where intensive or rough use is most typically encountered. The rated power and traction data are enhanced |
1.10. | Electric vehicle upfront cost vs their traction battery energy storage |
1.11. | Approximate number of manufacturers of electric vehicles worldwide by application in 2014 |
1.11. | Why pure electric commercial vehicles succeed: cars do not |
1.12. | Collaboration |
1.12. | Number of manufacturers of electric vehicles in China by application in 2014 |
1.12.1. | RDM Telematics and Electronics - Niche Vehicle Network - Coventry University, CU HDTI, Warwick University WMG Innovative solutions |
1.12.2. | Lithium Balance - Lotus Engineering - Tennant Green - Pascal Chretien |
1.12.3. | Bradshaw Electric - Taylor Dunn |
1.13. | European view |
1.13. | Possible evolution of affordable, mainstream electric cars and other electric vehicles |
1.14. | Some new commercial electric vehicles shown at eCarTec in Europe |
1.14. | Industrial & commercial EVs eclipse e Cars |
1.15. | Isuzu hybrid truck acting as road furniture in Tokyo in 2012 |
1.16. | Pure electric bus in China, in late 2012, with supercapacitors and no battery |
1.17. | The Terra Motors e-trike |
2. | INTRODUCTION |
2.1. | Definitions and scope of this report |
2.1. | EV sectors with the largest gross sales value and profits over the years |
2.1.1. | Learning from the past |
2.2. | Hybrid and pure electric vehicles compared |
2.2. | Electric vehicle value chain |
2.3. | Advantages and disadvantages of hybrid vs pure electric vehicles and the electric vehicle markets they dominate. |
2.3. | Hybrid electric vehicles |
2.4. | Toyota hybrid outdoor forklift |
3. | MARKET DRIVERS FOR INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL EVS |
3.1. | Trends for all types of vehicle |
3.1. | Some reasons why ICE vehicles are replaced with EVs |
3.1. | Efficiency in power needed per person per distance for different forms of on-road passenger transport |
3.1.1. | Peak car and light truck - different electric vehicles needed |
3.1.2. | Market drivers for electric industrial and commercial vehicles |
3.2. | Hybrid market drivers |
3.2. | Some primary hybrid market drivers |
3.2. | Bus size vs fuel consumption |
3.3. | Advantages of pure electric commercial vehicles, enjoyed to some extent by hybrid electric buses |
3.3. | Advantages of electric commercial vehicles |
3.4. | Potential challenges of electric commercial vehicles |
4. | HEAVY INDUSTRIAL EVS |
4.1. | What is included |
4.1. | 27 examples of manufacturers of heavy industrial EVs by country |
4.1. | Caterpillar CAT series hybrid diesel electric bulldozer |
4.2. | Mitsubishi diesel electric hybrid lifter |
4.2. | Global sales of heavy industrial (heavy lifting, eg forklift and heavy earthmoving/pulling) EVs by numbers, ex-factory unit price and total value 2012-2023, rounded |
4.2. | Challenges |
4.3. | Listing of manufacturers |
4.3. | Top 20 industrial lift truck suppliers in 2011 |
4.3.1. | Statistics for all types of industrial lift truck |
4.3.2. | Manufacturers of heavy industrial EVs |
4.4. | Lift truck market demand increase in 2012 |
4.4. | Market forecasts 2012-2023 |
4.5. | World industrial truck statistics/orders and shipments |
5. | LIGHT INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL EVS |
5.1. | 150 manufacturers of light industrial and commercial EVs and drive trains by country and examples of their products |
5.1. | The tiny sales of pure electric on-road vehicle sales in Europe showing carrier goods EVs/ light industrial and commercial vehicles outselling pure electric passenger EVs, according to trade association AVERE |
5.1. | What is included |
5.1.1. | One quarter of commercial vehicles in Germany can be electric now? |
5.1.2. | Guidance from a recent UK event on industrial and commercial EVs |
5.2. | Global sales of light industrial and commercial EVs, including heavy trucks but excluding buses and taxis, by numbers thousands, ex-factory unit price in thousands of dollars and total value in billions of dollars 2012-2023, round |
5.2. | Sub categories |
5.2. | Balqon Quiet-shift Technology |
5.3. | Electric pick-up truck from China Vehicles Company |
5.3. | Trucks |
5.3.1. | Balqon Pure Electric Trucks |
5.3.2. | China Vehicles Company |
5.3.3. | Daimler Fuso |
5.3.4. | ePower Engine Systems USA |
5.3.5. | Nissan Japan |
5.3.6. | Via Motors USA |
5.3.7. | XL Hybrids |
5.4. | EVs for local services |
5.4. | Exhibited Daimler commercial vehicles |
5.4.1. | UPS & NREL |
5.4.2. | Renault Nissan DHL |
5.5. | The ePower truck |
5.5. | Airport EVs |
5.6. | Small people-movers |
5.6. | Combining the best of Nissan LEAF and NV200 in one package, the all-electric Nissan e-NV200 is a game-changing, practical and sustainable city delivery vehicle |
5.7. | PG&E and VIA Motors displayed a new SUV version of its extended-range electric vehicle at the Detroit auto show |
5.7. | Light industrial aids |
5.7.1. | Mining - PapaBravo Canada |
5.8. | Listing of manufacturers |
5.8. | The full-size pickup and a cargo van in use by PGE |
5.9. | e-NV200 van |
5.9. | Market forecasts 2012-2023 |
5.10. | Electric bus in Nepal |
5.11. | Mobile electric scissor lift by Wuhan Chancay Machinery and Electronics |
5.12. | Garbage collecting electric car |
5.13. | Pure electric light mining vehicles |
6. | BUSES |
6.1. | History of electric buses |
6.1. | 79 examples of manufacturers of hybrid electric buses or their power trains (the main added value), with country of headquarters and image |
6.1. | Pure electric bus in 1907 |
6.2. | Proposal for new London double decker hybrid electric bus |
6.2. | 36 Manufacturers of pure electric buses, country of headquarters and image |
6.2. | Pure electric buses |
6.2.1. | Smith - Wanxiang |
6.3. | MAN hybrid bus Germany: supercapacitor not battery |
6.3. | TOSA bus specification |
6.3. | Capoco driverless electric bus concept |
6.4. | Insectbus concept |
6.4. | TOSA charging infrastructure specification |
6.4. | OLEV technology for Korean buses in 2013 |
6.5. | ABB intermittent overhead charging |
6.5. | Forecast for electric buses 2012-2023 |
6.5. | 78 examples of hybrid electric bus producers by continent of headquarters. |
6.6. | Pure electric bus manufacturers by continent |
6.6. | Market forecast for buses 2012-2023 |
6.7. | MAN Lion urban hybrid bus |
6.8. | MAN Lion urban hybrid bus in section showing supercapacitors (ultracapacitors) in place of traction battery |
6.9. | ABB TOSA charging system |
6.10. | Passenger space is not compromised, with onboard equipment packaged on the electric bus' roof. |
6.11. | Rapid battery charging takes place at every third or fourth bus stop along the pilot project's route, which runs between Geneva airport and the city's exhibition center. |
7. | TAXIS |
7.1. | Electric taxi projects in China, Europe, Mexico, UK, UK, Japan |
7.1. | 15 projects testing pure electric taxis |
7.1. | Taxi fire caused by a bad lithium-ion battery in a Chinese electric taxi |
7.2. | The Terra Motors e-trike |
7.2. | Global sales of electric taxis, ex-factory unit price and total value 2012-2023, rounded |
7.2. | Huge order from the Philippines in 2013 |
7.3. | Global sales of electric taxis, ex-factory unit price and total value 2012-2023, rounded |
8. | KEY COMPONENTS FOR INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL ELECTRIC VEHICLES |
8.1. | Types of electric vehicle |
8.1. | Three generations of range extender with examples of construction, manufacturer and power output |
8.1. | ThunderVolt hybrid bus |
8.2. | BAE Systems powertrain in a bus |
8.2. | Traction battery technologies in 2012, number percentage lead acid, NiMH and lithium |
8.2. | Many fuels |
8.3. | Born electric |
8.3. | Traction battery technologies in 2022 number percentage lead acid, NiMH and lithium |
8.3. | Hybrid bus powertrain |
8.4. | Hybrid car powertrain using CNG |
8.4. | Traction battery technology by applicational sector 2010 and 2020, examples of suppliers and trends |
8.4. | Pure electric vehicles are improving |
8.5. | Series vs parallel hybrid |
8.5. | What is on the way in or out with traction batteries |
8.5. | Hybrid tugboat replacing a conventional ICE version to meet new pollution laws and provide stronger pull from stationary |
8.6. | Some hybrid variants |
8.6. | 71 vertically integrated lithium traction battery cell manufacturers, their chemistry, cell geometry and customer relationships (not necessarily orders) |
8.6. | Modes of operation of hybrids |
8.6.1. | Plug in hybrids |
8.6.2. | Charge-depleting mode |
8.6.3. | Blended mode |
8.6.4. | Charge-sustaining mode |
8.6.5. | Mixed mode |
8.7. | Summary of preferences of traction motor technology for vehicles |
8.7. | Microhybrid is a misnomer |
8.7. | Evolution of plug in vs mild hybrids |
8.8. | Trend to deep hybridisation |
8.8. | Deep hybridisation |
8.8. | Advantages vs disadvantages of brushed vs brushless vehicle traction motors for today's vehicles |
8.9. | 68 industrial and commercial electric vehicles and their motor details. |
8.9. | Hybrid vehicle price premium |
8.9. | Evolution of hybrid structure |
8.10. | Price premium for hybrid buses |
8.10. | Battery cost and performance are key |
8.10. | Global sales of heavy industrial (heavy lifting, eg forklift and heavy earthmoving/pulling) EVs by numbers, ex-factory unit price and total value 2012-2023, rounded |
8.11. | Global sales of light industrial and commercial EVs, including on-road trucks but excluding buses and taxis, by numbers thousands, ex-factory unit price in thousands of dollars and total value in billions of dollars 2012-2023, rou |
8.11. | Tradeoff of energy storage technologies |
8.11. | Three generations of lithium-ion battery with technical features that are sometimes problematical |
8.12. | Battery price assisting price of hybrid and pure electric vehicles as a function of power stored. |
8.12. | Ultracapacitors = supercapacitors |
8.12. | Global sales of buses, ex-factory unit price and total value 2012-2023, rounded |
8.13. | Global sales of electric taxis, ex-factory unit price and total value 2012-2023, rounded |
8.13. | Where supercapacitors fit in |
8.13. | Probable future improvement in parameters of lithium-ion batteries for pure electric and hybrid EVs |
8.14. | Comparison of battery technologies |
8.14. | Advantages and disadvantages |
8.15. | Can supercapacitors replace batteries? |
8.15. | Where supercapacitors fit in |
8.16. | Energy density vs power density for storage devices |
8.16. | Supercabatteries or bacitors |
8.17. | What is a range extender? |
8.17. | Indicative trend of charging and electrical storage for large hybrid vehicles over the next decade. |
8.18. | Evolution of construction of range extenders over the coming decade |
8.18. | What will be required of a range extender 2012-2023 |
8.19. | Three generations of range extender |
8.19. | Examples of range extender technology in the shaft vs no shaft categories |
8.19.1. | First generation range extender technology |
8.19.2. | Second generation range extender technology |
8.19.3. | Third generation range extender technology |
8.20. | Fuel cell range extenders |
8.20. | Illustrations of range extender technologies over the coming decade with "gen" in red for those that have inherent ability to generate electricity |
8.21. | The principle of the Proton Exchange Membrane fuel cells |
8.21. | Big effect of many modest electricity sources combined |
8.22. | Energy harvesting on and in electric vehicles |
8.22. | Trend of size of the largest (in red) and smallest (in green) fuel cell sets used in 98 bus trials worldwide over the last twenty years. |
8.23. | Evolution of traction batteries and range extenders for large hybrid electric vehicles as they achieve longer all-electric range over the next decade. |
8.23. | Trend to high voltage |
8.24. | Component choices for energy density/ power density |
8.24. | Main modes of rotational energy harvesting in vehicles |
8.25. | Main forms of photovoltaic energy harvesting on vehicles |
8.25. | Trend to distributed components |
8.26. | Trend to flatness then smart skin |
8.26. | Maximum power from the most powerful forms of energy harvesting on or in vehicles |
8.27. | Hybrid bus with range improved by a few percent using solar panels |
8.27. | Traction batteries |
8.27.1. | After the shakeout in car traction batteries |
8.27.2. | The needs have radically changed |
8.27.3. | It started with cobalt |
8.27.4. | Great variety of recipes |
8.27.5. | Other factors |
8.27.6. | Check with reality |
8.27.7. | Lithium winners today and soon |
8.27.8. | Reasons for winning |
8.27.9. | Lithium polymer electrolyte now important |
8.27.10. | Winning chemistry |
8.27.11. | Titanate establishes a place |
8.27.12. | Laminar structure |
8.27.13. | Niche winners |
8.27.14. | Fluid situation |
8.28. | Traction motors |
8.28. | Possible trend in battery power storage and voltage of power distribution |
8.29. | Mitsubishi view of hybrid vehicle powertrain evolution |
8.29. | Definition and background |
8.30. | Traction motor trends |
8.30. | Flat lithium-ion batteries for a car and, bottom, UAVs |
8.31. | Supercapacitors that facilitate fast charging and discharging of the traction batteries are spread out on a bus roof |
8.31. | Shape of motors |
8.32. | Location of motors |
8.32. | Here comes lithium |
8.33. | Approximate percentage of manufacturers offering traction batteries with less cobalt vs those offering ones with no cobalt vs those offering both. We also show the number of suppliers that offer lithium iron phosphate versions. |
8.33. | Born electric - in-wheel electric wheels |
8.34. | Examples of motors in action |
8.34. | Location of motors sold in 2022 in vehicles in which they are fitted, in millions of motors and percent of all motors with all figures rounded. Figures in red refer to high priced motors and figures in green refer to low priced mo |
8.35. | The Lohner-Porsche electric vehicle of 1898 showing its two in-wheel electric motors. Another version had four |
8.35. | EV Market 2012-2023 |
8.36. | Total change |
8.36. | Mitsubishi in-wheel motor |
8.37. | Numbers of EVs, in thousands, sold globally, 2012-2023, by applicational sector |
8.38. | Ex-factory unit price of EVs, in thousands of US dollars, sold globally, 2012-2023, by applicational sector, rounded |
8.39. | Ex-factory value of EVs, in billions of US dollars, sold globally, 2012-2023, by applicational sector, rounded |
8.40. | Global sales of electric taxis, ex-factory unit price and total value 2012-2023, rounded |
APPENDIX 1: IDTECHEX PUBLICATIONS AND CONSULTANCY | |
TABLES | |
FIGURES |
Pages | 232 |
---|---|
Tables | 38 |
Figures | 94 |
Forecasts to | 2023 |