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1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS |
1.1. | Unique approach of this report |
1.2. | Some important findings |
1.3. | Why go electric for manned aircraft? |
1.4. | How to transition to electric aircraft: MEA, hybrid, pure electric |
1.5. | MEA issues and opportunities |
1.6. | Where electric aircraft are headed: range anxiety to range superiority |
1.7. | Manned aircraft lagged land-based electric vehicles |
1.7.1. | Great achievements |
1.7.2. | Little business |
1.7.3. | Hybrids should have been first |
1.7.4. | Hybrids: running before you can walk |
1.8. | Trend to larger electric aircraft |
1.8.1. | Overview of major issues |
1.8.2. | Viability of pure electric larger aircraft: timeline |
1.9. | Electrification of aircraft in general: rapid progress |
1.10. | Electric aircraft already commercialised |
1.10.1. | Examples |
1.10.2. | Viability of electric primary trainers already |
1.11. | Routes to further commercialisation of electric aircraft |
1.12. | Pure electric manned aircraft arriving |
1.13. | Hybrid electric aircraft arriving |
1.13.1. | HYPSTAIR powertrain for general aviation |
1.13.2. | Hybrid electric helicopters, mullticopters |
1.13.3. | Airbus eThrust concept with DEP |
1.13.4. | NASA Sceptor concept with DEP |
1.14. | Flying cars: needed or possible? |
1.14.1. | Flying cars using airports |
1.14.2. | Only single seat is viable? |
1.14.3. | Combatting urban gridlock: better alternatives |
1.14.4. | Hybrid VTOL flying car feasibility |
1.15. | Choice of powertrains is influenced by many factors |
1.16. | New end game: Energy Independent Vehicles EIV |
1.17. | Key enabling technologies in future: examples |
1.17.1. | Energy harvesting including regeneration |
1.17.2. | Structural electronics tears up the rule book |
1.17.3. | Power electronics and other key enablers |
1.18. | Less mechanics: more electronics |
1.19. | Becoming one business land, water, air - hybrid and pure electric |
1.20. | Regulations have impeded small e-aircraft in the USA |
1.21. | Ambition and freedom in Europe |
1.22. | Progress in East Asia |
1.22.1. | China |
1.22.2. | Japan |
1.23. | Market forecasts |
1.23.1. | Timelines 2016-2031: IDTechEx, Airbus, Rolls Royce, others |
1.23.2. | Rolls Royce timeline |
1.23.3. | MEA target and roadmaps converge to EV for 2035 |
1.23.4. | Manned electric aircraft and airliner forecasts |
1.23.5. | Manned electric aircraft market forecasts 2016-2026 including hybrid |
2. | INTRODUCTION |
2.1. | Lessons from the past |
2.2. | Situation today |
2.3. | Other examples: trend to offering several powertrain options in one airframe |
2.4. | First commercial four seat hybrid |
2.5. | Contest in 2015: new battery and fuel cell planes |
2.6. | DLR project for HY4 four-passenger fuel cell aircraft |
2.7. | New Airbus autonomous aircraft November 2016 |
2.8. | Zero-emission air transport - first flight of four-seat passenger aircraft HY4 - September 2016 |
2.9. | The first electric and VTOL aircraft by Zee.Aero - October 2016 |
3. | TYPES OF POWERTRAIN |
3.1. | What is an electric powertrain? |
3.2. | Pure electric or hybrid |
3.2.1. | Example: PC Aero Elektra One |
3.2.2. | Examples: E-Genius, SUGAR Volt |
3.3. | Types of hybrid electric aircraft |
3.3.1. | Parallel hybrid |
3.3.2. | Series hybrid |
3.4. | Typical hybrid duty cycle and examples |
3.4.1. | Duty cycle |
3.4.2. | Cambridge University Song hybrid |
3.4.3. | Equator P2 Xcursion amphibious aircraft |
3.4.4. | Biofuel solar hybrid |
3.4.5. | DARPA VTOL |
3.5. | Airbus overview of hybrid electric aircraft |
3.6. | Mild vs strong hybrid: lessons from land vehicles |
3.7. | EV powertrains and technology forecasts: 2000 |
3.8. | EV powertrains and technology forecasts: 2016 |
3.9. | EV powertrains and technology forecasts: 2017 onwards |
3.10. | Energy independent electric vehicles EIV operational choices |
3.11. | Key EIV technologies |
3.12. | Motors and motor generators |
3.12.1. | Trend to higher power to weight ratio |
3.12.2. | Technologies in context of all EVs |
3.12.3. | Electrical engine start for hybrid electric aircraft |
3.12.4. | Integrated components - in-wheel |
3.12.5. | Multimotor designs |
3.12.6. | Superconducting propulsors and interconnects |
3.13. | Range extenders |
3.13.1. | Overview |
3.13.2. | Gas turbines and rotary combustion engines |
3.13.3. | Fuel cells |
4. | ENERGY STORAGE |
4.1. | Options |
4.2. | The role of energy storage technologies in electric vehicles |
4.3. | Making lithium-ion batteries safer |
4.4. | Operational Principles of Different Systems |
4.5. | Supercapacitors to Li-ion batteries - a spectrum of functional tailoring |
4.6. | Matching future hybrid and pure electric aircraft to energy storage choices. Learning from other industries |
4.6.1. | Map of energy storage choices 2026-2036 |
4.7. | Supercapacitors across lithium-ion batteries |
4.8. | Extreme lightweighting by structural electronics |
4.8.1. | Earlier attempts at structural fuel; cells, batteries and capacitors |
4.8.2. | Successful supercapacitor bodywork |
4.8.3. | Many other types of structural electronics for aircraft |
5. | ENERGY HARVESTING AND REGENERATION |
5.1. | Definitions and background |
5.2. | Faradair BEHA |
6. | ENERGY INDEPENDENT VEHICLES EIV |
6.1. | Energy independent electric vehicles |
6.1.1. | Why we want more than mechanical energy independence |
6.1.2. | The EIV powertrain |
6.1.3. | EIV operational choices |
6.1.4. | Turtle airship USA |
6.1.5. | Solar Impulse Switzerland |
6.1.6. | Solar Ship inflatable fixed wing aircraft Canada |
6.1.7. | Sunstar USA |
6.1.8. | Sunseeker Duo USA |
6.1.9. | The More Electric Aircraft MEA |
6.2. | Not there yet for large hybrids |
6.3. | Power electronics in conventional aircraft |
6.4. | Airliner becomes an electric vehicle when on the ground |
6.5. | Great potential to improve rotating electrical machines and power electronics |
6.6. | Future design space: NASA view |
7. | CAFE TENTH ELECTRIC AIRCRAFT SYMPOSIUM REPORT 2016 |
Slides | 189 |
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Forecasts to | 2031 |