1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
1.1. | What's the big deal with batteries? |
1.2. | Historical context |
1.3. | Stationary energy storage is not new |
1.4. | Classification of energy storage systems |
1.5. | The rapid adoption of electric vehicles |
1.6. | Front-of-meter (FTM) and behind-the-meter (BTM) |
1.7. | Stationary storage markets |
1.8. | Overview of ES drivers |
1.9. | Market forecast by country (GWh) |
1.10. | Market forecast by country (GWh) - Table |
1.11. | Market forecast, FTM and BTM split (GWh) |
1.12. | Market forecast ($ billion) |
1.13. | Forecast assumptions and explanation |
1.14. | Deployment by country, 2018 |
1.15. | Global overview |
1.16. | U.S. mandates and targets overview |
1.17. | Global overview |
1.18. | Market barriers & challenges |
1.19. | Important considerations for battery selection |
1.20. | The battery trilema |
2. | INTRODUCTION |
2.1. | ESS, BESS, BTM, FTM |
2.2. | Electrochemistry definitions |
2.3. | Useful charts for performance comparison |
2.4. | Stationary Energy Storage Markets |
2.5. | MW or MWh? |
2.6. | Incentives for energy storage |
2.7. | Turning a battery into an ESS |
2.8. | Levelised cost of storage (LCOS) |
2.9. | Costs that influence LCOS |
3. | BATTERY BASICS |
3.1. | Overview of LiB technologies: from cell chemistry to battery packs |
3.1.1. | What is a Li-ion battery? |
3.1.2. | The elements used in Li-ion batteries |
3.1.3. | Standard materials in LiBs |
3.1.4. | A family tree of Li based batteries |
3.1.5. | There is more than one type of LiB |
3.1.6. | Standard cathode materials - LCO and LFP |
3.1.7. | Cathode alternatives - NCA |
3.1.8. | NMC |
3.1.9. | Cathode overview |
3.1.10. | Anode materials - Battery-grade graphite |
3.1.11. | LTO anode - Toshiba |
3.1.12. | Inactive materials negatively affect energy density |
3.1.13. | Commercial cell geometries |
3.1.14. | Differences between cell, module, and pack |
3.1.15. | Safety |
3.2. | Alternatives to Li-ion |
3.2.1. | More than Li-ion |
3.2.2. | The increasingly important role of stationary storage |
3.2.3. | Stalling battery technologies |
3.2.4. | Lead-acid batteries |
3.2.5. | Sodium sulphur battery |
3.2.6. | Nickel cadmium and nickel metal hydride battery |
3.2.7. | Redox flow batteries for stationary storage? |
3.2.8. | Redox flow batteries working principle |
3.2.9. | Exploded view of VRFB |
3.2.10. | Hybrid RFBs: Zinc/Bromine |
3.2.11. | Hybrid RFBs: Hydrogen/Bromine |
3.2.12. | Most popular: Vanadium redox flow battery |
3.2.13. | Technology and manufacturing readiness of RFBs |
3.2.14. | Fuel Cells: working principle |
3.2.15. | Fuel cells |
3.2.16. | Fuel cells in California SGIP program |
3.2.17. | Comparison of ES technology use cases |
3.3. | Stationary storage system costs |
3.3.1. | Why costs are important |
3.3.2. | Performance goes up, cost goes down |
3.3.3. | Cost discussions: cell, pack, system |
3.3.4. | Innovation important for cost reduction |
3.3.5. | ESS cost assumptions |
3.3.6. | Case study: German residential ESS cost decline |
3.3.7. | Case study: California residential ESS cost decline |
4. | STATIONARY ENERGY STORAGE: DRIVERS |
4.1. | Introduction to ES drivers |
4.2. | Overview of ES drivers |
4.3. | Renewable energy self-consumption |
4.4. | Principle of self-consumption |
4.5. | ToU Arbitrage |
4.6. | Feed-in-Tariff phase-outs |
4.7. | Net metering phase-outs |
4.8. | Power purchase agreements |
4.9. | Summary of solar compensations |
4.10. | Demand Charge Reduction |
4.11. | Gas Peaker Plant Deferral |
4.12. | Virtual Power Plants |
4.13. | Virtual Power Plant companies |
4.14. | Off-grid and remote applications |
4.15. | Challenges in remote-region and island applications |
4.16. | Other drivers |
5. | DRIVERS: ANCILLARY SERVICES ANCILLARY SERVICES SUPPORT RELIABLE OPERATION AS ELECTRICITY MOVES FROM GENERATION TO CONSUMERS. |
5.1. | Overview of ancillary services |
5.2. | Ancillary service requirements |
5.3. | Frequency Regulation |
5.4. | Levels of frequency regulation |
5.5. | Load following |
5.6. | Spinning and non-spinning reserve |
6. | REGIONAL ANALYSIS |
6.1. | Energy storage deployment FTM and BTM by country |
6.2. | U.S. |
6.2.1. | Historic ES deployment in the U.S. |
6.2.2. | US: Key Developments |
6.2.3. | Hot states: mandates and targets overview |
6.2.4. | California energy storage mandate |
6.2.5. | Local mandates and targets |
6.2.6. | List of ES mandates and targets |
6.2.7. | PJM History |
6.2.8. | PJM states and FR deployment |
6.2.9. | Hawaii |
6.2.10. | Hawaii PPAs |
6.2.11. | Texas: RE history and the need for ES |
6.2.12. | Texas ES developments |
6.2.13. | Attractiveness of batteries by U.S. market 2019 |
6.2.14. | LiBs dominate |
6.2.15. | Policy |
6.2.16. | Investment Tax Credit |
6.2.17. | California Self-generation Incentive Program |
6.2.18. | C&I deployment in California |
6.2.19. | Residential deployment in California |
6.2.20. | SGIP spend on BTM storage |
6.2.21. | Comparison of popular residential systems |
6.2.22. | Maryland enacts a tax credit |
6.2.23. | New Hampshire residential storage pilot |
6.3. | UK |
6.3.1. | Summary |
6.3.2. | Capacity Markets: Explained |
6.3.3. | Energy storage participation in the UK capacity market |
6.3.4. | Batteries lose value after BEIS de-rating |
6.3.5. | Storage de-rating factors |
6.3.6. | Capacity markets funding paused by ECJ |
6.3.7. | UK Enhanced Frequency Response |
6.3.8. | Revenue stacking |
6.3.9. | UK 'demand charge' uncertainty for BTM projects |
6.3.10. | UK residential market lagging |
6.4. | Germany |
6.4.1. | FTM in Germany |
6.4.2. | BTM energy storage in Germany |
6.4.3. | KfW Bank Subsidy |
6.4.4. | Solar-plus-storage reaches cost parity |
6.4.5. | FiT expirations |
6.4.6. | ESS price decline |
6.4.7. | Market share of residential storage providers |
6.4.8. | Sonnen growth |
6.4.9. | Siemens enters German residential storage market |
6.5. | Italy |
6.5.1. | Italy residential solar market is saturated |
6.6. | South Korea |
6.6.1. | Rapid growth in South Korea |
6.6.2. | Korea: Market Drivers |
6.6.3. | Korea: ESS developer market share |
6.6.4. | Battery fires in Korea |
6.6.5. | Causes of battery fires |
6.7. | Australia |
6.7.1. | Residential storage is booming in Australia |
6.7.2. | Australia storage policy and renewables targets |
6.7.3. | Australia grid-level projects |
6.8. | China |
6.8.1. | Record year for stationary storage in China |
6.8.2. | Grid-side energy storage growth in China |
6.8.3. | China's Gigafactories |
6.8.4. | Battery maker dominance shifts to China through 2020 |
6.9. | Others |
6.9.1. | A good year for stationary energy storage in India |
7. | KEY ESS COMPANIES |
7.1. | Convergence between solar and storage |
7.2. | Downstream Energy Storage component vendors |
7.3. | Global players in ESS |
7.4. | Companies from other sectors jumping in |
7.5. | Value Chain |
7.6. | Most companies in assembly business |
7.7. | Tesla's ESS business |
7.8. | Powerwall and Powerpack |
7.9. | Residential storage cost breakdown |
7.10. | Major powerpack projects |
7.11. | Tesla's ESS business |
7.12. | Leclanché |
7.13. | Green Charge Networks |
7.14. | BYD |
7.15. | BYD's layout is similar to Tesla |
7.16. | Green Mountain Power |
7.17. | Green Mountain Power's Innovation Strategy |
7.18. | Ampard and Fenecon |
7.19. | Stem |
7.20. | Sonnen |