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1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS |
1.1. | Purpose and scope of this report |
1.2. | Why national grids lose share 2020-2040 |
1.3. | Off-grid technologies compared |
1.4. | Primary conclusions: cost breakdown and action arising |
1.5. | Comparison of off-grid harvesting technology options for microgrids |
1.6. | Clean microgrid format options |
1.7. | Primary conclusions: format, chemistry, physics 2020-2040 |
1.8. | Diesel gensets vs clean microgrids kVA comparison |
1.9. | Primary conclusions: Buildings and environs as microgrids |
1.10. | Construction site of the future arriving now with moveable zero emission gensets |
1.11. | Farm of the future arriving now |
1.12. | Primary conclusions: Vehicles as microgrids, charging electric vehicles |
1.13. | Market forecasts and technology timelines 2020-2040 |
1.13.1. | Why the delay? |
1.13.2. | OG ZE microgrid unit number 1kW-10MW k 2020-2040 |
1.13.3. | OG ZE microgrid unit value 1kW-10MW $k 2020-2040 |
1.13.4. | OG ZE microgrid market value 1kW-10MW 2020-2040 |
1.13.5. | Global microgrid market |
1.13.6. | Global charging infrastructure : on-road vehicles 2020 |
1.13.7. | Access to electricity by people 2020-2050 |
1.13.8. | Off-grid investment and location |
1.13.9. | Expected electricity access 2030 assuming universal access. |
1.13.10. | Addressable market for off-grid solar, millions of households Africa and Asia |
1.13.11. | Li-ion battery demand, GWh 2020-2030 |
1.13.12. | LIB cell price forecast |
1.13.13. | Flow battery forecast |
1.13.14. | Solar car forecast $bn 2020-2030 |
2. | INTRODUCTION |
2.1. | Increased versatility but winners and losers |
2.2. | Microgrid design |
2.2.1. | Basic configurations and V2G |
2.3. | Why photovoltaics usually wins |
2.4. | Decentralised microgrids |
2.5. | Below 100kW wind turbines have become niche |
2.6. | Wind turbine choices |
2.7. | Requirements for isolated community microgrids |
2.8. | Best practice: NREL river turbine Alaska |
2.9. | Bad practice: fuel cells |
2.10. | Before its time: Solar Bullet |
2.11. | 2.11 Competition - hydro and hydro with solar |
2.11.1. | Conclusion |
2.11.2. | Sounds marvellous |
2.11.3. | Hydropower with floating solar is better still? |
2.11.4. | The dark side - cost, delay, new intermittency |
2.11.5. | The dark side - environmental |
3. | CONTAINERISED AND MODULAR ZE MICROGRIDS |
3.1. | Overview |
3.2. | Transportable microgrids for military, live events, easier installations |
3.3. | Scale Microgrid |
3.4. | VERGE, Specialised Solar, KR Power, ECOS, Mobile Solar |
3.5. | Excellerate |
3.6. | OffGridBox |
3.7. | WindKinetic containerised microgrids Kazakhstan, Zambia, Cameroon |
3.8. | Bad practice with small wind turbines |
3.9. | Ecocapsule |
3.10. | Brightfield USA |
3.11. | SUDI Shade France |
3.12. | HEP Croatia and Texas example. |
3.13. | e-move Denmark |
3.14. | ECOG subsea microgrid |
3.15. | Solar with river turbines: Sea Bubble water taxi charging |
3.16. | TwingTec containerised microgrid powered by tethered drone |
4. | BUILDINGS, VEHICLES, SHIPS AS ZE MICROGRIDS |
4.1. | Ovida Community Hubs Melbourne |
4.2. | Solar driveways: City of Prince George Canada, Solar Roadways USA |
4.3. | Solar greenhouses power robots |
4.4. | eVcentres UK |
4.5. | SmartGreenCharge Highways France |
4.6. | PEARL Project Hawaii |
4.7. | Tesla |
4.8. | Other projects |
4.9. | Leading solar cars compared: Sono, Lightyear, Toyota |
4.10. | Energy Observer France |
4.11. | Wind and solar powered ships |
4.12. | Energy independent electric ship opportunity |
5. | DISTRIBUTED ZE MICROGRIDS |
5.1. | Islands: Borkum, Kodiak, King, Porto Santo |
5.2. | Agriculture: Stone Edge Farm, Solectrac |
6. | NEW MICROGRID HARVESTING FORMATS: ROADS, WINDOWS, OTHER |
6.1. | Multi-mode roads and other ground surfaces |
6.2. | Solar roads: Wattway, Pavenergy, SolaRoad, Solar Roadways |
6.3. | Gantry vs road surface PV |
6.4. | Transparent and translucent photovoltaics |
6.5. | Solar windows: 13 organisations |
6.6. | Unrollable photovoltaics as microgrids |
6.7. | SolarGaps solar blinds |
6.8. | Thin concrete solar: ETH Zurich |
7. | WIND, RIVER AND SEA POWER AS RELOCATABLE ZE MICROGRIDS |
7.1. | Overview |
7.2. | New options beyond solar: relocatable, much less intermittent |
7.3. | Hype curve for water power and AWE |
7.4. | Open tide "tide stream" power options mimic wind power options |
7.5. | Open sea wave power technologies |
7.6. | Inland water power: sources, location potential |
7.7. | Overall small hydro potential for steady supply with little or no storage |
7.8. | Sources and technologies of ocean power for microgrids |
7.9. | Marine power: sources, location potential |
7.10. | Where ocean power is both strongest and close to population |
7.11. | Location of strongest ocean power for replacing diesel gensets |
7.12. | Small inland hydro <10MW SOFT report |
7.13. | Wave power <10MW SOFT report |
7.14. | Tidal stream power <10MW SOFT report |
7.15. | Minesto Sweden |
7.16. | Ocean conversion technology winners and losers |
7.17. | Airborne Wind Energy developers |
8. | EMERGING PHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGY FOR MICROGRIDS |
8.1. | Benefits sought and leaders in providing them |
8.2. | Photovoltaic trends and priorities 2020-2040 |
8.3. | Huge opportunity for transparent perovskite on mainstream silicon |
8.3.1. | EPFL, OxfordPV, Swift Solar |
8.3.2. | OxfordPV |
8.3.3. | Swift Solar |
8.3.4. | Perovskite on CIGS vs Si: UCLA |
8.4. | Silicon the winner so far: variants and successes |
8.5. | Wafer vs thin film PV 2020-2040 |
8.6. | Five basic PV mechanisms: status, benefits, challenges, market potential |
8.7. | Important PV options beyond silicon compared |
8.8. | Production readiness of Si alternatives |
8.9. | Best research-cell efficiencies 1975-2020 |
8.10. | Solar aircraft and boats show the future |
8.11. | Flexible thin film versions slowly gain share |
8.12. | Photovoltaic wild cards: 2D semiconductors, quantum dots, rectenna arrays |
9. | APPROPRIATE POWER ELECTRONICS AND BATTERY TECHNOLOGY |
9.1. | Advanced power electronics becomes important |
9.2. | DC microgrids slowly coming in |
9.3. | Li-ion battery trends |
9.4. | Redox flow batteries get a toehold |
Slides | 249 |
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Forecasts to | 2040 |