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| 1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS |
| 1.1. | Perfect storm will bring massive shakeout |
| 1.2. | Energy harvesting: the new key enabling technology |
| 1.2.1. | Features of energy harvesting |
| 1.2.2. | Market drivers for energy harvesting |
| 1.3. | Next big thing |
| 1.4. | Energy independent vehicles are the end game |
| 1.4.1. | Leveraging technologies |
| 1.4.2. | Megatrend: Structural electronics leverages certain types of EH |
| 1.5. | Electric vehicle powertrain evolution: typical figures expected for cars |
| 1.6. | Key enabling technologies by powertrain |
| 1.7. | Relative importance of powertrain and autonomy hardware markets 2017-2037 |
| 1.8. | EH choices in action for land, water and airborne vehicles |
| 1.9. | Energy harvesting sources for vehicles land, water, air: typical location |
| 1.10. | Energy harvesting technology choices for vehicles land, water, air |
| 1.10.1. | Harvesting technologies now and in future for on-road vehicles |
| 1.10.2. | Harvesting technologies now and in future for marine vehicles |
| 1.10.3. | Harvesting technologies now and in future for air vehicles |
| 1.11. | Key enabling technology for EV: useful for conventional vehicles too |
| 1.11.1. | Vital for the energy independence end game |
| 1.11.2. | Very useful on conventional vehicles: helps meet tough new emissions laws |
| 1.11.3. | Creating electricity using on-board equipment: emerging toolkit for ICE vehicles |
| 1.12. | Examples of energy harvesting adoption |
| 1.12.1. | Tesla |
| 1.12.2. | BYD |
| 1.12.3. | Here comes GaAs thin film PV over 1kW: Hanergy EIV cars |
| 1.12.4. | Here comes multiple external energy harvesting: IFEVS EIV pizza van self-powers travel, oven, lighting |
| 1.13. | Addressable market |
| 1.14. | IDTechEx EV and 48V mild hybrid global forecasts number K 2017-2027 |
| 1.15. | IDTechEx EV and 48V mild hybrid global forecasts $ billion 2017-2027 |
| 1.16. | EH vehicle technology roadmap 2017-2037: dates when commonplace |
| 1.17. | Toyota view in 2017 with image of the new Prius Prime solar roof |
| 1.18. | Electric Car Takeoff |
| 1.19. | Combining photovoltaic with optically active windows |
| 1.20. | Energy-harvesting shock absorber |
| 1.21. | Rigid solar EnergySail set for sea trials in 2018 |
| 1.22. | Energy independent ship opportunity |
| 2. | INTRODUCTION |
| 2.1. | Energy harvesting (EH) definition and overview |
| 2.2. | Types of EH energy source |
| 2.3. | End game is energy independent pure electric not dynamic charging |
| 2.4. | Examples of energy harvesting adoption |
| 2.5. | Energy harvesting is an immature industry |
| 2.6. | Candidates for EH by power |
| 2.7. | One business land, water, air - hybrid and pure electric |
| 2.8. | Gaps in the market: kW level regeneration potential in a car |
| 2.9. | Importance of multi-mode energy harvesting |
| 3. | TECHNOLOGIES |
| 3.1. | EH transducer options compared |
| 3.1.1. | EH technology choice by intermittent power generated |
| 3.1.2. | EH transducer options compared |
| 3.1.3. | EH transducer materials opportunities. Grey shows substantial markets already |
| 3.1.4. | Experimental EH transducer options compared with the four winners so far |
| 3.2. | Rated power vs energy stored by technology |
| 3.3. | EH system architecture |
| 3.4. | Low power vs high power off-grid |
| 3.5. | Regional differences are changing |
| 3.6. | Relative benefits of EH technologies vs needs |
| 3.7. | Comparison of desirable features of EH technologies |
| 3.8. | Thermal metamaterial |
| 4. | ELECTRODYNAMIC |
| 4.1. | Electrodynamic EH W-MW: rotating electrical machines |
| 4.2. | REM technology options |
| 4.3. | The vehicle opportunity for motor-generators increasingly two or three per vehicle |
| 4.4. | Typical powertrain components and regenerative braking |
| 4.5. | Trend to integration in vehicles |
| 4.6. | Next generation motor generators, turbine EH in vehicles |
| 4.6.1. | TIGERS Turbogenerator Integrated Gas Energy Recovery System |
| 4.7. | 3D and 6D movement |
| 4.8. | Electrodynamic regenerative suspension |
| 4.9. | Airborne Wind Energy AWE |
| 4.10. | Flettner rotor |
| 5. | PHOTOVOLTAIC |
| 5.1. | Technology: Photovoltaics |
| 5.2. | pn junction vs alternatives |
| 5.3. | Nantenna-diode |
| 5.4. | Important photovoltaic parameters |
| 5.5. | Some choices between the popular silicon and the most efficient GaAs (up to 41%) are compared below |
| 5.6. | Tightly rollable, foldable, stretchable PV will come |
| 5.7. | Energy-collecting windows - one step closer to reality |
| 6. | THERMOELECTRIC |
| 6.1. | Overview: AIST, Toyota, Komatsu etc |
| 6.2. | Yamaha Japan and DLR Germany in 2017 |
| 7. | ELECTROSTATIC ENERGY HARVESTING: TRIBOELECTRIC, DEG CAPACITIVE INCLUDING ELECTRET |
| 7.1. | Electrostatics in energy harvesting |
| 7.2. | Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) operating principle and device optimisation |
| 7.2.1. | Contact and sliding modes compared |
| 7.2.2. | Single electrode and contactless modes compared |
| 7.2.3. | Four ways to make a TENG |
| 7.2.4. | TENG modes with advantages, potential uses |
| 7.2.5. | Research focus on the four modes |
| 7.2.6. | Key issues to address |
| 7.3. | Capacitive electrostatic including Dielectric Elastomer Generators DEG |
| 7.3.1. | Capacitive electrostatic: sliding option |
| 7.3.2. | Dielectric elastomers: squash the capacitor to make electricity |
| 7.3.3. | Capacitive flexible and electret |
| 7.3.4. | Creating electricity from ocean waves: best places West Coast of North America, UK, Japan |
| 7.3.5. | Creating electricity from ocean waves: the dilemma |
| 7.3.6. | High power capacitive wave power trials using electroactive polymer EAP ie dielectric elastomer |
| 8. | EIVS AND PRECURSORS |
| 8.1. | EV end game: Energy Independent Vehicles EIV |
| 8.2. | EIV operational choices |
| 9. | EIVS AND PRECURSORS ON LAND, ON-ROAD |
| 9.1. | Stella Lux passenger car Netherlands |
| 9.2. | Here comes GaAs PV: University of Cambridge, UK |
| 9.3. | Sunswift eVe passenger car Australia |
| 9.4. | Immortus passenger car Australia |
| 9.5. | POLYMODEL micro EV Italy |
| 9.6. | Venturi Eclectic passenger car Italy |
| 9.7. | Dalian tourist bus China |
| 9.8. | NFH-H microbus China |
| 9.9. | Kayoola large bus Uganda |
| 9.10. | Cargo Trike micro EV UK |
| 9.11. | Sunnyclist Greece |
| 9.12. | Hanergy China |
| 9.13. | Sion Germany |
| 9.14. | Lightyear Netherlands |
| 9.15. | Funding for development of lightweight solar modules on vehicles |
| 9.16. | Solar motor home |
| 10. | EIVS AND PRECURSORS ON LAND, OFF-ROAD |
| 10.1. | These types as Energy Independent Vehicles EIV: microbus, power chair, delivery e-bike, agrobot, microcar |
| 10.2. | Vinerobot micro EV Europe |
| 11. | EIVS AND PRECURSORS ON WATER SEAGOING |
| 11.1. | REPSAIL boat Poland, Turkey etc |
| 11.2. | MARS boat UK |
| 11.3. | RENSEA boat Iceland, Norway, Sweden |
| 11.4. | Turanor boat Germany |
| 11.5. | Vaka Moana boat Netherlands |
| 11.6. | Sun21 boat Switzerland |
| 12. | EIVS AND PRECURSORS SEAGOING UNDERWATER |
| 12.1. | Seaglider AUV boat USA |
| 12.2. | Cyro AUV jellyfish USA |
| 13. | EIVS AND PRECURSORS INLAND WATER |
| 13.1. | Solar racing boats Netherlands |
| 13.2. | Loon boat Canada |
| 13.3. | EIV or similar - boat Alster Sun Netherlands |
| 14. | EIVS AND PRECURSORS AIRBORNE INFLATABLE |
| 14.1. | Solar Ship EIV inflatable fixed wing aircraft Canada Autonomous, sun alone |
| 14.2. | Solar Ship inflatable fixed wing aircraft Canada |
| 14.3. | Northrop Grumman airship USA |
| 14.4. | Mitre DARPA airship USA |
| 14.5. | HALE-D airship USA |
| 15. | EIVS AND PRECURSORS FIXED WING |
| 15.1. | Atlantik Solar 2/ SunToucher in 2016 UAV Switzerland |
| 15.2. | Zephyr 7 UAV UK, Germany |
| 15.3. | Titan Aerospace UAV USA |
| 15.4. | Solar Eagle UAV USA |
| 15.5. | Aquila UAV USA, UK |
| 15.6. | Silent Falcon UAV USA |
| Slides | 191 |
|---|---|
| Forecasts to | 2027 |