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| 1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS |
| 1.1. | Scope and objective |
| 1.1. | Comparison of efficiencies |
| 1.1. | Fuel cell and other hybrid vehicle powertrains: advantages against each other |
| 1.1.1. | What is an electric vehicle fuel cell? |
| 1.1.2. | The end game |
| 1.1.3. | Fuel cell types covered |
| 1.2. | Formidable progress, issues remaining |
| 1.2. | Comparison between pure electric battery power trains and fuel cell + battery ones |
| 1.2. | Fuel cell electric vehicle issues lying ahead |
| 1.3. | Hype curve for fuel cells in vehicles by year with some of the most optimistic projections for 2030 |
| 1.3. | Current limitations of PEM fuel cells in vehicles |
| 1.3. | Assessment of best initial markets given current fuel cell limitations |
| 1.4. | The most active countries and companies |
| 1.4. | The keenest countries |
| 1.4. | The Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking FCH in Europe prepared the following cost projection |
| 1.5. | Commercial and off-road technology roadmap |
| 1.5. | Divided opinion on future of traction fuel cells in electric vehicles |
| 1.5. | The most suitable countries for fuel cell road vehicles |
| 1.6. | Hype curve and attitude by company |
| 1.6. | Vehicle fuel cell timeline 2017-2023 from various sources, omitting those that have become totally unrealistic. |
| 1.6. | Gravimetric and volumetric energy density for vehicle fuels compared |
| 1.7. | Honda promotion of the hydrogen cycle for vehicles |
| 1.7. | Vehicle fuel cell timeline 2025-2050 |
| 1.7. | Window of opportunity for road vehicles |
| 1.8. | Timelines 2017-2050 |
| 1.8. | Electric vehicle market segments with the most potential for adoption of fuel cells identified within system number projections in thousands for annual sales. Most optimistic scenario 2018-2028 |
| 1.8. | Energy and work synchronization |
| 1.9. | The electrified open cast mine using pure electric haul trucks and rail-veyors |
| 1.9. | Which option? |
| 1.9. | Fuel cell market potential 2018-2028 for 45 EV categories |
| 1.10. | Drive train types compared |
| 1.10. | Schematic of the current value chain of fuel cells in buses |
| 1.11. | Ragone plot of electrochemical vehicle energy storage options |
| 1.11. | Need to go via hydrogen? Latest debate |
| 1.12. | Comparison with other range extenders |
| 1.12. | Types of range extender by cost and local emission, with the zero emission options compared with energy harvesting, all of which has zero local emission |
| 1.13. | Types of energy harvesting by type of vehicle |
| 1.13. | Fuel cells, batteries and multiple energy harvesting are allies |
| 1.14. | Hydrogen: HRS deployment, viable green sources, price trends |
| 1.14. | Nissan view of hydrogen deployment and price 2015 onwards |
| 1.15. | Researchers from the German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt; DLR) |
| 1.15. | Forecasts by platinum producers |
| 1.16. | Searching for a USP |
| 1.16. | The HY4 fuel cell aircraft |
| 1.17. | News in 2016 |
| 1.18. | Fuel cell vehicles enter serious production |
| 1.18. | Floating solar fuels rig for seawater electrolysis |
| 1.18.1. | Green hydrogen |
| 1.19. | Some positives in 2017 |
| 1.19. | Long-range fuel-cell range-extended electric bus |
| 1.20. | Lessons from EVS30 Germany October 2017 |
| 1.21. | News in 2017 |
| 1.21.1. | Honda- GM in 2017 |
| 1.21.2. | Hydrogen infrastructure headed for adequate levels but FC vehicle output badly behind plan - news in 2017 |
| 1.21.3. | FedEx in 2017 |
| 1.21.4. | Toyota deliver fuel cell buses in February 2017 |
| 1.21.5. | Hyundai speeded up its FCV program mid 2017 |
| 1.21.6. | China weeds out small EV companies, pushes big ones harder. |
| 1.21.7. | Van retrofit in 2017 |
| 1.21.8. | Electric vs. Fuel Cell Vehicles in 2017 |
| 1.21.9. | BMW cautious - October 2017 |
| 1.21.10. | Over 300 H2 buses added to 13 UK fleets - late 2017 |
| 1.21.11. | Loop Energy - late 2017 |
| 1.21.12. | Norwegian Hexagon - late 2017 |
| 1.21.13. | Nikola Motor - late 2017 |
| 1.21.14. | Hydrogenics - late 2017 |
| 1.21.15. | Mercedes Benz - late 2017 |
| 1.22. | Hydrogen as a vector toward the sustainable society |
| 1.23. | Floating solar fuels rig for seawater electrolysis |
| 1.24. | News in 2018 |
| 1.24.1. | Seven Eleven will use Toyota trucks |
| 1.24.2. | Ballard in 2018 |
| 1.24.3. | SunLine Transit - new long-range fuel-cell range-extended electric bus |
| 2. | INTRODUCTION |
| 2.1. | Objectives for energy sources and fuels, appropriate powertrains |
| 2.1. | Toyota view of fuel security - conserve and diversify - by vehicle powertrain design |
| 2.1. | Some reasons for adopting electric powertrains |
| 2.2. | Hydrogen storage options |
| 2.2. | Toyota comparison of powertrain architecture, strengths and weaknesses |
| 2.2. | Severe local pollution |
| 2.2.1. | Sustainable society with or without hydrogen? |
| 2.3. | Fuel price and diversity of supply issues |
| 2.3. | Energy and environmental issues |
| 2.4. | Sustainable society with strong hydrogen involvement |
| 2.4. | Tackling local and global pollution |
| 2.4.1. | Legal remedies |
| 2.4.2. | Financial incentives |
| 2.4.3. | Technological remedies |
| 2.5. | The fuel cell option |
| 2.5. | Analysis of energy issue as presented by Honda in 2015 |
| 2.5.1. | EV fuel cells |
| 2.5.2. | Superlative energy density |
| 2.5.3. | Cost parity in 2030 for road vehicles |
| 2.5.4. | Fuel cell system architecture for vehicles |
| 2.5.5. | Battery or supercapacitor across the fuel cell? |
| 2.5.6. | How and why many add supercapacitors |
| 2.5.7. | Fuel cell dominant systems |
| 2.5.8. | Regenerative fuel cell system for vehicles and HRS |
| 2.5.9. | Storage of hydrogen in vehicles |
| 2.5.10. | Sources of hydrogen, progress towards green hydrogen |
| 2.5.11. | Solar hydrogen stations |
| 2.5.12. | FC Vehicle to house emergency power |
| 2.6. | Some FC vehicle alliances |
| 2.6. | PEM fuel cell schematic |
| 2.6.1. | Global alliances |
| 2.6.2. | Toyota and BMW |
| 2.6.3. | Honda and GM |
| 2.6.4. | Suzuki and Intelligent Energy |
| 2.7. | Standards collaboration |
| 2.7. | Suitability of different electric powertrains in replacing internal combustion traditional powertrains |
| 2.8. | The powertrain of a battery pure electric car top (Tesla S - battery as floor) of about 350 miles range compared with a fuel cell car (Toyota Mirai, extra radiator not shown) of similar range |
| 2.8. | National and regional FC vehicle initiatives |
| 2.8.1. | Brazil |
| 2.8.2. | China |
| 2.8.3. | Europe |
| 2.8.4. | UK |
| 2.8.5. | Germany |
| 2.8.6. | Nordic countries |
| 2.8.7. | Other countries in Europe |
| 2.8.8. | China |
| 2.8.9. | India |
| 2.8.10. | Iran, Turkey, Thailand and Malaysia |
| 2.8.11. | Japan |
| 2.8.12. | South Africa |
| 2.8.13. | South Korea |
| 2.8.14. | USA |
| 2.8.15. | Honda Clarity fuel cell car exhibited at EVS29 Montreal Canada June 2016 |
| 2.8.16. | Interview Mitsubishi Motors May 2017 |
| 2.9. | 2015 Toyota Mirai schematic |
| 2.10. | Greenhouse gas/ total cost of ownership comparison for fuel cell vs diesel buses, standard and articulated in 2030 |
| 2.11. | Basic fuel cell system for a vehicle |
| 2.12. | Fuel cell system for 160 kW bus (e-net) |
| 2.13. | Layout of bus fuel cell system |
| 2.14. | Basic car fuel cell system |
| 2.15. | PAC-carII fuel economy car fuel cell system and electricity system |
| 2.16. | Battery pure electric vehicle system within vehicle energy management functions shown for comparison |
| 2.17. | Use of battery or supercapacitor across fuel cell in vehicle |
| 2.18. | Configuration of fuel cell with supercapacitor |
| 2.19. | Fuel cell regenerative system |
| 2.20. | Toyota view of potential sources of hydrogen |
| 2.21. | Solar hydrogen station |
| 2.22. | Smart hydrogen station and system for cars acting as emergency electricity supplies |
| 2.23. | V2H demonstration at city of Kitakyusu |
| 2.24. | Toyota opens patents |
| 2.25. | Electrification with lithium-ion battery or fuel cell system |
| 2.26. | Honda view of standards in 2015 |
| 2.27. | Nissan view of standards in 2015 |
| 2.28. | Working bus in London with Ballard fuel cells |
| 2.29. | Japanese attitude to hydrogen |
| 2.30. | Toyota view of fuel cell market positioning. |
| 2.31. | Honda Clarity fuel cell car exhibited at EVS29 Montreal Canada June 2016 |
| 3. | FUEL CELL FORKLIFTS: THE FIRST VOLUME SUCCESS |
| 3.1. | Introduction |
| 3.1. | Toyota fuel cell forklift and other fuel cell vehicles and activities |
| 3.1.1. | Small forklift success |
| 3.1.2. | A look at many FC forklifts across the world |
| 3.1.3. | Plug Power transforms the industry |
| 3.1.4. | Asia Pacific Fuel Cell Technologies APFCT |
| 3.2. | Market analysis |
| 3.2. | Fuel cell forklifts from across the world |
| 3.2.1. | FC material handling fleets and standards |
| 3.3. | Refuelling a Plug Power unit |
| 3.4. | APFCT fuel cell forklift system showing two refueller cabinets |
| 4. | FUEL CELL CARS |
| 4.1. | Current status and potential |
| 4.1. | Extracts of Daimler presentation on fuel cell cars 2014-5 |
| 4.1. | Overview manufacturers and other analysts of sales fuel cell car forecasts (unit/year) by region |
| 4.1.1. | Success criteria |
| 4.1.2. | Progress towards success |
| 4.2. | Lessons from mass market over-optimism in the past |
| 4.2. | 19 manufacturers and developers of fuel cell cars by country, fuel cell maker and type |
| 4.2. | Hyundai next-generation hydrogen fuel cell system |
| 4.3. | Nissan fuel cell vehicle presentation 2015 - extracts |
| 4.3. | Value proposition |
| 4.4. | FC car manufacturers and integrators |
| 4.4. | Riversimple fuel cell car |
| 4.4.1. | Overview: 19 OEMS and their FCs |
| 4.4.2. | Belenos Clean Power Holding Switzerland |
| 4.4.3. | BMW Germany |
| 4.4.4. | Daimler Germany |
| 4.4.5. | Ford USA |
| 4.4.6. | GM USA |
| 4.4.7. | GreenGT Switzerland |
| 4.4.8. | Honda Japan |
| 4.4.9. | Hyundai Korea |
| 4.4.10. | ITM Power UK |
| 4.4.11. | Nissan Japan |
| 4.4.12. | Michelin France |
| 4.4.13. | Riversimple UK |
| 4.4.14. | Toyota Japan |
| 4.4.15. | Toyota Mirai |
| 4.4.16. | VW Group including Audi Germany |
| 4.4.17. | Other approaches |
| 4.5. | Plans for launch of fuel cell cars. |
| 4.5. | Toyota view of positioning of fuel cell vehicles |
| 4.5.1. | BMW have plans for fuel cell vehicles by 2020 |
| 4.5.2. | Honda fuel cell vehicles 2016. |
| 4.6. | Toyota Mirai car |
| 4.7. | Mirai possible price reduction based on cost reduction. |
| 4.8. | Toyota FCV history |
| 4.9. | Toyota fuel cell system and Mirai architecture |
| 4.10. | Pocket Mirai |
| 4.11. | Volkswagen presentation in Taiwan Oct 2014 |
| 4.12. | Honda FCV Concept |
| 5. | FUEL CELL BUSES |
| 5.1. | Several purposes |
| 5.1. | Fuel cell bus for providing emergency electricity |
| 5.1. | Fuel cell bus trials 1991-2014 showing power kW by project. Record year shown green; largest power shown brown. |
| 5.2. | Examples of PEM fuel cell buses 2011-2015 |
| 5.2. | Fuel cell electric bus schematic |
| 5.2. | Technology and timelines |
| 5.3. | Gaps in market: future prospects |
| 5.3. | Daimler's technology roadmap for launching new bus technologies to 2015 |
| 5.4. | Daimler fuel cell bus and car status |
| 5.4. | Battery bus is rival or complementary? |
| 5.5. | Window of opportunity: necessary actions |
| 5.5. | Technical advances past and future of Daimler fuel cell vehicles |
| 5.5.1. | Competitive end game |
| 5.5.2. | Daimler view of work ahead |
| 5.6. | Tremendous advances: Daimler examples |
| 5.6. | Cost potential of fuel cell technology |
| 5.6.1. | Advances |
| 5.6.2. | Daimler program 2015-2025 |
| 5.7. | Smaller fuel cells in buses: fewer trials needed |
| 5.7. | Packaging improvement planned |
| 5.8. | Modular fuel cell strategy of Daimler |
| 5.8. | Scepticism to overcome |
| 5.9. | Hyundai progress |
| 5.9. | Hydrogen infrastructure in Germany |
| 5.10. | Percentage interest in different powertrains by bus operators |
| 5.10. | Fuel cell bus trials 1990-2015 |
| 5.10.1. | Trials 1990-2010 |
| 5.10.2. | Trials 2011-2015 |
| 5.11. | Commitment in Europe |
| 5.11. | Fuel cell powered Hyundai bus on trial in Australia |
| 5.12. | Fuel cell bus trials 1990-2010 |
| 5.12. | Commitment in the USA |
| 5.12.1. | Some of the fuel cell buses currently in transit service in the US |
| 5.12.2. | Flint MTA testing Proterra hydrogen fuel cell bus prototype for one year - October 2016 |
| 5.13. | Commitment in China |
| 5.13. | Daimler Citaro bus |
| 5.14. | Van Hool bus with UTC Power fuel cell |
| 5.15. | New Flyer/Bluways bus with Ballard fuel cell |
| 5.16. | Proterra bus with Hydrogenics fuel cell (plug-in, battery dominant) |
| 6. | FUEL CELLS IN OTHER VEHICLES |
| 6.1. | Underwater |
| 6.1. | Urashima Fuel Cell Underwater Vehicle FCUV. |
| 6.2. | High-speed passenger ferry powered by hydrogen fuel cell technology |
| 6.2. | On water |
| 6.2.1. | Hydrogen fuel cell technology for maritime applications |
| 6.3. | Aircraft |
| 6.3. | Boeing trial of a fuel cell concept aircraft and below flown prototype |
| 6.3.1. | Types |
| 6.3.2. | Cost comparison by NASA |
| 6.4. | Fuel cell jet aircraft |
| 6.4. | Lange aviation fuel cell aircraft trialled in Germany |
| 6.5. | NASA cost comparison of a gasoline and fuel cell plane. |
| 6.5. | Airport GSE |
| 6.6. | Delivery trucks |
| 6.6. | Fuel cell surveillance airship |
| 6.6.1. | Fuel cell trucks in 2016 |
| 6.7. | Motor scooters |
| 6.7. | Renault H2 Maxity Electric truck powered by batteries and Symbio fuel cell |
| 6.8. | Fuel cell scooters in Taiwan |
| 6.9. | Charging scooter with hydrogen |
| 6.10. | Replacing hydrogen canister |
| 7. | EXAMPLES OF VEHICLE FC SYSTEM MAKERS BEYOND THE CAR FIRMS |
| 7.1. | Ballard Canada |
| 7.1. | Ballard presentation |
| 7.2. | Intelligent Energy 100 kW fuel cell for vehicles such as buses |
| 7.2. | Hydrogenics Canada |
| 7.3. | Intelligent Energy UK |
| 7.3. | Transition to cars |
| 7.4. | Proton Motor Fuel cell 2015 presentation on its vehicle fuel cells |
| 7.4. | Nuvera - NACCO Materials Handling USA |
| 7.5. | Proton Motor Fuel Cell Germany |
| 8. | EXAMPLES OF INTERVIEWS |
| 8.1. | 15 short interviews for seven countries |
| 8.2. | Acal Energy UK |
| 8.3. | Proton Power Systems PLC, Proton Motor Fuel Cell GmbH Germany |
| IDTECHEX RESEARCH REPORTS AND CONSULTING | |
| TABLES | |
| FIGURES |
| Pages | 236 |
|---|---|
| Tables | 15 |
| Figures | 95 |
| Forecasts to | 2028 |