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| 1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS |
| 1.1. | Purpose and emphasis |
| 1.1.1. | In the next ten years wrong choices of powertrain could bankrupt certain manufacturers |
| 1.1.2. | From range anxiety to range superiority |
| 1.1.3. | New end game: Energy Independent Vehicles EIV - no, not always feeble, not always sun, sometimes energy positive! |
| 1.1.4. | Hanergy |
| 1.1.5. | Electric vehicle powertrain evolution: typical figures expected for cars |
| 1.2. | Choice of powertrains is influenced by many factors |
| 1.3. | Future powertrain options in land vehicles |
| 1.4. | Where cars are headed in 2030 |
| 1.4.1. | The saga of the future of on-road automobile industry: new race to pure electric |
| 1.4.2. | League table of EV manufacturers 2018 $ billion: winners make buses/ cars |
| 1.4.3. | Cars and the frenzy of change: sales units k |
| 1.5. | Industrial vehicle powertrains are different |
| 1.6. | Future powertrain options in land vehicles 2016-2036: the detail |
| 1.6.1. | No steady progress to fewer components |
| 1.6.2. | Power electronics becomes more important than batteries even in pure electric vehicles |
| 1.7. | Main influences in land vehicle powertrains |
| 1.7.1. | New focus for improvement and choice |
| 1.7.2. | New important powertrain options |
| 1.7.3. | Common enablers |
| 1.7.4. | Powertrain parameter priorities |
| 1.7.5. | Disruptive change |
| 1.7.6. | Summary of primary trends for the most important land vehicle powertrains 2016-2036 |
| 1.8. | Powertrain timeline 2017-2036 |
| 1.9. | Death of the strong hybrid that does not plug in? |
| 1.10. | Manufacturer priorities 2016-2030 |
| 1.11. | Increasing importance of power electronics: proliferation and enhancement |
| 1.12. | Structural electronics tears up the rule book |
| 1.13. | Market size 2017-2027 for electric vehicles and 48V mild hybrid cars (non-EV and EV form) |
| 1.14. | Passenger car low carbon technology roadmap |
| 1.15. | Motorsport as an indicator of what may enter general use later |
| 1.16. | Example of new car powertrains: Peugeot Citroen May 2016 |
| 1.17. | Toyota view in 2017 with image of the new Prius Prime solar roof |
| 1.18. | Fuel cell vehicles enter serious production |
| 1.19. | Electric car breakeven in context in 2017-8 |
| 1.19.1. | The saga of the future of automobile industry |
| 1.19.2. | Peak in overall car sales then peak in electric car sales k globally - goodbye to many things |
| 1.19.3. | Electric vehicle powertrain evolution: typical figures expected for cars |
| 1.19.4. | Key enabling technologies by powertrain |
| 2. | INTRODUCTION |
| 2.1. | What is a land vehicle powertrain? |
| 2.2. | Layout of the report |
| 2.3. | Entering the age of emissions control |
| 2.3.1. | Tightening regulations |
| 2.3.2. | Fuel options for greenhouse gas GHG control |
| 2.3.3. | ICE thermal efficiency improvement for emission reduction |
| 2.3.4. | Temperature control should get easier |
| 2.4. | Learnings from Electric & Hybrid Conference Germany April 2017 and others in 2017 |
| 2.4.1. | Market drivers - PSA, AVL and Morgan Stanley view |
| 2.4.2. | Investment rises but car sales peak |
| 2.4.3. | Cost competitive |
| 2.4.4. | Pollution challenge |
| 2.4.5. | Session description |
| 2.4.6. | Fuel cells downplayed |
| 2.4.7. | Electrification of Daimler and PSA powertrains |
| 2.4.8. | Pure electric leveraging autonomy |
| 2.4.9. | Inductive charging and HEV gets squeezed |
| 2.4.10. | 48V Mild hybrids |
| 2.4.11. | Optimisation of 48V ICE |
| 2.4.12. | Rationale for two motor generators |
| 2.4.13. | Traction motors - In wheel traction motor rationale |
| 2.4.14. | Continental rear axle twin motor drive |
| 2.4.15. | PSA twin motor PHEV |
| 2.4.16. | Batteries - Daimler view |
| 2.4.17. | Solar |
| 2.5. | Electric Vehicle News from "IDTechEx Show!" Berlin May 2017 |
| 2.5.1. | Interview Mitsubishi Motors May 2017 |
| 2.6. | TM4 and Cummins: Evolving Strategies to Benefit from EV Surge |
| 2.7. | China weeds out small EV companies, pushes big ones harder |
| 3. | TYPES OF POWERTRAIN |
| 3.1. | Pure electric or hybrid |
| 3.2. | Progression of vehicle powertrain electrification |
| 3.3. | Sequence of electrification of powertrains |
| 3.4. | Base solutions with performance variants |
| 3.5. | Many options opening up at component and system level |
| 3.6. | Small vs big vehicle electrification |
| 3.7. | Link with water and air vehicles |
| 3.8. | Influence of legislation - examples |
| 3.9. | Case study: Toyota Development of Power Control Unit for Compact-Size Vehicle |
| 4. | MILD HYBRID 48V: NEW LIFE FOR THE TRADITIONAL ICE |
| 4.1. | Mild hybrid history |
| 5. | STRONG HYBRID ELECTRIC POWERTRAINS |
| 5.1. | Strong "Full" Hybrid Electric Vehicles |
| 5.2. | Strong hybrid configurations |
| 5.2.1. | Plug in option |
| 5.3. | Comparison of storage and range extender options |
| 5.4. | Range extenders in context |
| 5.5. | Fuel cells for traction |
| 5.6. | Range extenders: not all about fuel cells! |
| 5.6.1. | Gas turbines and rotary combustion |
| 5.6.2. | Free piston engine range extenders |
| 6. | PURE ELECTRIC VEHICLE PEV |
| 6.1. | Powertrain |
| 6.1.1. | Architecture |
| 6.1.2. | Trend in number and position of traction motors. |
| 6.1.3. | Charging issues |
| 6.1.4. | Battery issues |
| 6.1.5. | Supercapacitor issues |
| 6.1.6. | Battery Management System |
| 6.2. | Wide adoption, small vehicles, buses, design issues |
| 6.3. | Cars and light commercial vehicles |
| 6.4. | Energy Independent Vehicles EIV |
| 6.4.1. | Why we want more than mechanical energy independence |
| 6.4.2. | Energy Independent Vehicles: definition and function |
| 6.4.3. | The EIV powertrain for land vehicles |
| 6.4.4. | EIV operational choices |
| 6.4.5. | Do not forget wind |
| 6.4.6. | Key EIV technologies |
| 6.4.7. | Stella Lux passenger car Netherlands |
| 6.4.8. | Sunswift eVe passenger car Australia |
| 6.4.9. | Resolution and EVA solar racers Cambridge University UK |
| 6.4.10. | Solar racer derivative: Immortus passenger car EIV Australia |
| 6.4.11. | POLYMODEL micro EV Italy |
| 6.4.12. | Venturi Eclectic passenger car Italy |
| 6.4.13. | Vinerobot micro EV France, Germany, Italy, Spain and Australia |
| 6.4.14. | Sold as Lizard EIV: NFH-H microbus China |
| 6.4.15. | Kayoola bus Uganda |
| 6.4.16. | Energy Observer - wind and sun |
| 6.4.17. | IFEVS restaurant van goes anywhere without plugging in and cooks pasta without using battery. |
| 6.4.18. | China Rainbow solar plane up for "weeks" |
| 6.4.19. | Google Makani 600 kW drone |
| 6.4.20. | Energy positive large buses will come |
| 6.4.21. | Lightyear Netherlands |
| 7. | SOME KEY EV POWERTRAIN DEVICES OF GENERAL USE |
| 7.1. | Introduction |
| 7.2. | Rotating electrical machines |
| 7.2.1. | One business land, water, air - hybrid and pure electric |
| 7.2.2. | Increase in number of rotating electrical machines per vehicle for traction |
| 7.2.3. | Trend to integration: transmission with electric motors |
| 7.2.4. | The main rotating machine options compared for traction |
| 7.2.5. | Reversible rotating machines for 48V mild hybrids |
| 7.2.6. | Rotating machines for strong hybrids and pure electric |
| 7.2.7. | Trend to in-wheel motors |
| 7.2.8. | Flywheel KERS |
| 7.2.9. | Flybrid KERS used by Wrightbus UK on hybrid buses |
| 7.2.10. | Volvo trial of mechanical flywheel KERS mechanical |
| 7.2.11. | Supplier view of mechanical flywheel KERS |
| 7.3. | Energy Storage |
| 7.3.1. | Options |
| 7.4. | Energy Storage Beyond Batteries |
| 7.4.1. | Overview |
| 7.4.2. | Operational principles: supercapacitors to batteries |
| 7.4.3. | Supercapacitors are often used across lithium-ion batteries |
| 7.4.4. | Possible future |
| 7.5. | Batteries |
| 7.6. | New forms of energy harvesting including regeneration |
| 7.6.1. | Overview |
| 7.6.2. | Complementarity of multiple harvesting |
| 7.6.3. | Example: regenerative suspension |
| 7.7. | Heavily downsized engines for primary power |
| 7.7.1. | Potential and approach |
| 7.7.2. | Mahle priorities |
| 7.7.3. | Compensating for performance reduction |
| 7.7.4. | Results |
| 7.8. | Lightweight multifunctional materials "structural electronics" |
| 7.8.1. | Objectives |
| 7.8.2. | Design problems resulting |
| 7.9. | Increasing importance of power electronics |
| 7.10. | Interview with Professor Pietro Perlo |
| 7.11. | Wrap up: everything is changing |
| Slides | 272 |
|---|---|
| Forecasts to | 2027 |