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1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS |
1.1. | The market for electric cars |
1.1. | Global sales of electric cars number thousands, 2011-2021, rounded |
1.1. | Global sales of electric cars number thousands, ex factory unit price in thousands of dollars and total value in billions of dollars 2011-2021, rounded |
1.2. | Value of the hybrid, pure electric and total electric car market in billions of dollars 2010-2020 |
1.2. | Global sales of electric cars ex factory unit price in thousands of dollars, 2011-2021, rounded |
1.2. | Hybrid vs pure EV forecasts |
1.3. | Will cars be plugged in during a journey? |
1.3. | Global sales of electric cars total value in billions of dollars 2011-2021, rounded |
1.3. | Global electric car sales in thousands for 2011 and 2012 by manufacturer including neighbourhood electric vehicles NEV but not golf cars. |
1.4. | Toyota Prius sales 1997-2010 by region in thousands |
1.4. | Global pure electric car sales 2009-2020 excluding golf cars and cumulative number of new models since 2000 |
1.4. | Geographical demand |
1.5. | Progress of the market leader Toyota |
1.5. | IDTechEx projection for global hybrid car sales by territory 2010-2020 in units and % |
1.5. | Global sales of EV cars, including hybrids, pure EVs (including golf cars), total in thousands of unites and ones that can be plugged in 2010-2020 |
1.6. | IDTechEx projection for global hybrid car sales by territory 2010-2020 in units and % rounded |
1.6. | Number sold by market leader Toyota of all hybrids globally |
1.6. | Golf cars will have little growth. |
1.7. | Technical progress |
1.7. | Global pure EV golf car sales 2010-2020 |
1.7. | Number sold by market leader Toyota of all hybrids globally, market share and market drivers |
1.8. | Global sales of electric golf cars in number thousands, ex factory unit price in thousands of dollars and total value in billions of dollars 2010 to 2020, rounded. |
1.8. | Cumulative number of hybrid car models and projected number of hybrid sales to 2020 |
1.9. | Rough count of new models of hybrid car from 2009-2013 |
1.9. | IDTechEx projections for global hybrid car sales units as % of total car sales 2009-2025 |
1.10. | Approximate number of new hybrid car models planned by year 2000 to 2013 |
1.10. | The dominant countries launching hybrid models from 2009-2013 |
1.11. | Global number of on-road plug in cars - hybrid and pure electric - and number routinely plugged in away from home in thousands 2010-2020 |
1.11. | Global number of on-road plug in cars - hybrid and pure electric - and number routinely plugged in away from home in thousands 2010-2020 |
1.12. | Crude oil prices 2003-2008 $/barrel |
1.12. | Clockwise from top left: BYD E6 from China, Tesla, Fisker Karma and Prius |
1.13. | Oil reserve life in years by country |
1.13. | Global oil reserves, production and life |
1.14. | US oil production and imports |
2. | INTRODUCTION |
2.1. | The world wakes up to global warming and oil running out. |
2.1. | Geographical distribution of 80 companies making or intending to make electric cars |
2.1. | European Green Car Initiative approximate R&D budget 2010 to 2013 in millions of Euros |
2.2. | Global stimulus for fuel efficient cars in 2009 |
2.2. | GE WattStation |
2.2. | Danger signs |
2.3. | Government support |
2.3. | 80 examples of manufacturers and intending manufacturers of EV cars |
2.4. | Reluctant Australia |
2.5. | Formidable initiatives in the USA |
2.6. | Europe the laggard |
2.6.1. | Impressive efforts in Germany |
2.7. | Formidable East Asia |
2.8. | Rapid increase in number of manufacturers |
2.9. | Providing charging infrastructure |
2.9.1. | Recharging points |
2.9.2. | Battery changing points |
2.9.3. | Can the grid cope? |
3. | PURE ELECTRIC CARS |
3.1. | The arguments against |
3.1. | Trouvé pure EV car in 1881 |
3.1. | 15 examples of golf EV manufacturers |
3.2. | Red Bug pure EV in 1930 |
3.2. | Déjà Vu |
3.3. | Examples of pure EV cars |
3.3. | Sinclair C5 |
3.3.1. | Nissan - most ambitious of all? |
3.3.2. | Here come the Chinese - BYD and Brilliance |
3.3.3. | High performance pure EVs - Tesla |
3.3.4. | Pininfarina Bolloré Bluecar |
3.3.5. | Heuliez Friendly |
3.3.6. | REVA |
3.3.7. | Coda - Hafei Saibao, China |
3.3.8. | ElBil Norge Buddy |
3.3.9. | Toyota |
3.3.10. | Detroit Electric |
3.3.11. | Tara Tiny |
3.3.12. | Aixam |
3.3.13. | Zap Alias |
3.3.14. | Mitsubishi |
3.3.15. | Golf EVs |
3.4. | Aptera |
3.5. | Gemcars |
3.6. | The BYD E6 pure EV car |
3.7. | Tesla Motors Roadster pure EV performance car |
3.8. | Pininfarina Bolloré Bluecar showing solar panels on roof and hood |
3.9. | Pininfarina Bolloré Bluecar cross section |
3.10. | Heuliez Friendly |
3.11. | REVA pure EV car |
3.12. | The all-electric Coda car, made in China, |
3.13. | Buddy pure EV |
3.14. | Planned Toyota pure EV city car. |
3.15. | Tara Tiny |
3.16. | Aixam Mega City |
3.17. | ZAP Alias pure EV three wheeler |
3.18. | Mitsubishi pure EV car |
3.19. | Tonaro from China |
3.20. | Suzhou Eagle two and four seat golf cars from China |
3.21. | Yongkang Fourstar from China |
3.22. | Shadong Wuzheng golf cars |
4. | HYBRID CARS |
4.1. | Construction and advantages of hybrids |
4.1. | Evolution of EV design for on-road and many non-road vehicles |
4.1. | Major market drivers for growth in hybrid sales |
4.2. | Objectives of the Ricardo QinetiQ diesel hybrid vs the Prius gasoline hybrid |
4.2. | Chevrolet Volt internal structure |
4.2. | Evolution |
4.3. | Chevrolet Volt |
4.3. | Chevrolet Volt drive train |
4.3. | Toyota Prius Sales by region 1997-2008 in thousands of units |
4.4. | Hybrid electric vehicles and associated events 1876-2011 |
4.4. | Chevrolet Volt battery, generator and drive unit positioning |
4.4. | Bright Automotive SUV |
4.5. | Market drivers |
4.5. | Average annual fuel consumption in US gallons by vehicle type |
4.5.1. | Leading indicators |
4.6. | History of hybrids and planned models to 2013 |
4.6. | Toyota Prius Sales by region 1997-2008 in thousands of units |
5. | BATTERIES AND SUPERCABATTERIES FOR CARS |
5.1. | What is a battery? |
5.1. | Construction of a battery cell |
5.1. | The rising percentage of cost that is attributable to electronics in different types of vehicle |
5.1.1. | Battery history |
5.1.2. | Analogy to a container of liquid |
5.2. | Construction of a battery |
5.2. | MEMS compared with a dust mite less than one millimetre long |
5.2. | Important milestones in battery and capacitor history |
5.3. | Comparison of lead acid and lithium-ion batteries for motive power in cars |
5.3. | Rapid progress in the capabilities of small electronic devices and their photovoltaic energy harvesting contrasted with more modest progress in improving the batteries they employ |
5.3. | Many shapes of battery |
5.4. | Requirements |
5.4. | Power in use vs duty cycle for portable and mobile devices showing zones of use of single use vs rechargeable batteries |
5.4. | Comparison of some options for large rechargeable lithium-ion batteries |
5.5. | Examples of energy density figures for batteries, supercapacitors and other energy sources |
5.5. | Power requirements of small electronic products including Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) and GSM mobile phones and the types of battery employed |
5.5. | What is on offer? |
5.6. | Energy density comparisons |
5.6. | Volumetric vs gravimetric energy density of batteries used in vehicles. |
5.6. | Battery characteristics compared |
5.7. | Advantages and disadvantages of some options for supplying electricity to small devices |
5.7. | Subaru lithium ion manganese battery |
5.7. | Safety |
5.8. | Where do supercabatteries fit in? |
5.8. | Mitsubishi lithium-ion batteries for cars |
5.9. | Lightning electric car |
5.9. | Limitations of energy storage devices |
5.10. | Prospect of radically different batteries and capacitors |
5.10. | ReVolt comparison of battery parameters with zinc air |
5.11. | Supercapacitor and supercabattery compared |
5.11. | Threat to lithium prices? |
5.12. | Types of ancillary electrical equipment being improved to serve small devices |
5.13. | Transparent flexible battery |
5.14. | Bolivian salt flats |
5.15. | Chevrolet Volt layout |
5.16. | Chevrolet Volt lithium-ion battery |
5.17. | Smart EV car layout |
6. | ENERGY HARVESTING FOR CARS |
6.1. | Definition |
6.1. | Where energy harvesting fits into green energy |
6.1. | Potential for improving energy harvesting efficiency |
6.2. | Main photovoltaic options compared |
6.2. | Focus of energy harvesting development in the value chain |
6.2. | Choices of harvesting |
6.3. | Opportunities for energy harvesting in cars |
6.3. | Examples of energy harvesting technologies, developers and manufacturers |
6.3. | IDTechEx view of photovoltaic evolution on pure electric vehicles |
6.4. | Primary energy harvesting choices by size and efficiency |
6.4. | Fiat Phylla |
6.5. | Solar Prius |
6.5. | Main energy harvesting technologies are compared by life and cost per watt |
6.6. | Possible sites for sensors with energy harvesting in cars |
6.6. | Combined flexible layers |
6.7. | Pure EV motive power |
6.7. | German solar electric car from 1982 that achieved 15 mph. |
6.8. | Lancia car using solar energy in 1997 |
6.8. | Power from bumps in the road |
6.9. | Regenerative braking |
6.9. | Fiat Phylla running laboratory and enabling technologies. |
6.10. | Structure of Fiat mobile laboratory. |
6.10. | Electricity from engine and exhaust heat |
6.11. | Vibration harvesting |
6.11. | Phylla drive train |
6.12. | Self sufficient accessory cluster |
6.12. | Cruise car solar golf cars |
6.13. | Thin film photovoltaic market share 2009-2012 |
6.14. | Toyota Prius solar roof option. |
6.15. | Latest MIT solar car |
6.16. | Honda dream, the winning car in the 1996 World Solar Challenge. The custom made cells for the car are greater than 20% efficient. |
6.17. | GenShock prototype |
6.18. | Ronggui Yang. |
6.19. | Perpetuum electrodynamic vibration harvester with its supercapacitors. |
6.20. | Solar powered Cruise car |
7. | ELECTRIC MOTORS FOR MOTIVE POWER IN CARS |
7.1. | Ford Transit pure EV |
7.2. | Mitsubishi i-MiEV |
7.2. | Mitsubishi i-MiEV |
7.2. | Comparison of ac and dc electric motors for traction |
7.3. | Motor position |
7.3. | In wheel system of Mitsubishi |
7.3.1. | Electric corner modules (ECMs) |
7.3.2. | SIM Drive in wheel traction |
7.4. | A construction of in-wheel motor |
7.5. | Ford Siemens EV motor for central operation |
7.6. | Hybrid vehicle electric motor |
7.7. | SIM Drive in wheel traction |
8. | FUEL CELLS AND FLYWHEELS |
8.1. | Fuel cells |
8.1. | MIT Biomimetic fuel cell |
8.1. | Challenges faced in developing satisfactory fuel cells for vehicles |
8.1.1. | Definition and description |
8.1.2. | Current situation |
8.1.3. | Potential benefits |
8.1.4. | Types of fuel cell |
8.2. | Types of fuel cell and characteristics |
8.2. | Volvo Flywheel KERS components |
8.2. | New forms of fuel cell |
8.2.1. | Microbial fuel cells |
8.2.2. | Lightweight hydrogen generating fuel cell |
8.2.3. | Biomimetic approach with MIT fuel cell |
8.3. | Flywheels |
8.3. | Volvo flywheel KERS system layout |
8.4. | Magneto Marelli electrical KERS Motor Generator Unit |
8.5. | The Marelli system |
8.6. | Williams Formula One KERS flywheel |
9. | MARKET FORECASTS |
9.1. | Global bicycle and car production millions |
9.1. | Car production |
9.1. | Crude oil prices 2003-2008 $/barrel |
9.2. | Global oil reserves, production and life |
9.2. | Cars and crude oil |
9.2. | US oil production and imports |
9.2.2. | Technical progress |
9.3. | Hybrid cars |
9.3. | Global sales of EV cars, including hybrids, pure EVs (including golf cars), total in thousands of units and ones that can be plugged in 2010-2020 |
9.3. | Global sales of EV cars, hybrids, pure EVs and total in numbers 2010-2020 |
9.3.1. | History of hybrid car sales |
9.4. | Forecasts 2010-2020 |
9.4. | Toyota Prius Sales by region 1997-2008 in thousands of units |
9.4. | HEV battery sales by type 2000-2006 |
9.5. | Toyota Prius Sales by region 1997-2008 in thousands of units |
9.5. | Prius US sales in units 2000-2008 |
9.5. | Pure EVs |
9.5.1. | Total market |
9.5.2. | Will sales of pure electric cars overtake hybrids? |
9.5.3. | Market excluding golf cars |
9.5.4. | Golf cars |
9.5.5. | Fuel cell EVs |
9.6. | Battery trends |
9.6. | Estimates for historical global hybrid car sales in units by territory with % of whole. |
9.6. | US hybrid sales by month showing sharp drop in 2008 and early 2009 |
9.7. | Estimates for historical global hybrid car sales in units by territory with % of whole |
9.7. | Prius US sales in number and percent of US hybrid market |
9.8. | IDTechEx projection for global hybrid car sales by territory 2010-2020 in units and % |
9.8. | Prius US sales in number and percent of US hybrid market |
9.9. | Hybrid vehicle sales by manufacturer 2000-2006 |
9.9. | Number sold by market leader Toyota of all hybrids globally, market share and market drivers |
9.10. | IDTechEx projections for global hybrid car sales units as % of total car sales 2009-2025 |
9.10. | Reported hybrid vehicle sales in the USA as a percentage of total new light vehicle sales in March 2009 |
9.11. | Global hybrid vehicle market by country % 2007 |
9.11. | Approximate number of hybrid models actual and planned by year 2000 to 2013 |
9.12. | 6 Global sales of electric golf cars in number thousands, ex factory unit price in thousands of dollars and total value in billions of dollars 2010 to 2020, rounded |
9.12. | Hybrid vehicle purchases by state in the USA in units 2007 |
9.13. | US hybrid vehicle sales by manufacturer percentage 2007 |
9.13. | Fuel cell EVs compared with battery pure EVs and ICE hybrids |
9.14. | Hybrid vehicle sales by model |
9.15. | 2006 forecast of total car sales by region 2006/2011 and 2016 in millions of units |
9.16. | IDTechEx projection for global hybrid car sales by territory 2010-2020 in units and %. |
9.17. | Number sold by market leader Toyota of all hybrids globally and market drivers |
9.18. | IDTechEx projections for global hybrid car sales units as % of total car sales |
9.19. | Total sales and hybrids |
9.20. | Global pure EV golf car sales 2010-2020 |
9.21. | Rechargeable battery sales by type 1972-2010 |
10. | GAS STATIONS BY COUNTRY |
10.1. | Number of gas stations ("service stations") by region in 2010 |
10.1. | What level of recharging infrastructure is needed? |
APPENDIX 1: GLOSSARY | |
APPENDIX 2: IDTECHEX PUBLICATIONS AND CONSULTANCY | |
TABLES | |
FIGURES |
Pages | 228 |
---|---|
Tables | 47 |
Figures | 115 |
Forecasts to | 2021 |