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1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS |
1.1. | Global sales of electric cars number thousands, ex factory unit price in thousands of dollars and total value in billions of dollars 2012-2022, rounded |
1.1. | The market for electric cars |
1.1. | Global sales of electric cars number thousands, 2012-2022, rounded |
1.2. | Global sales of electric cars ex factory unit price in thousands of dollars, 2012-2022, rounded |
1.2. | Hybrid vs pure EV forecasts |
1.2. | Value of the hybrid, pure electric and total electric car market in billions of dollars 2010-2020 |
1.3. | Global electric car sales in thousands for 2011 and 2012 by manufacturer including neighbourhood electric vehicles NEV but not golf cars. |
1.3. | Will cars be plugged in during a journey? |
1.3. | Global sales of electric cars total value in billions of dollars 2012-2022, rounded |
1.4. | Global pure electric car sales 2009-2020 excluding golf cars and cumulative number of new models since 2000 |
1.4. | Geographical demand |
1.4. | Toyota Prius sales 1997-2010 by region in thousands |
1.5. | Global sales of EV cars, including hybrids, pure EVs (including golf cars), total in thousands of unites and ones that can be plugged in 2010-2020 |
1.5. | Progress of the market leader Toyota |
1.5. | IDTechEx projection for global hybrid car sales by territory 2010-2020 in units and % |
1.6. | Number sold by market leader Toyota of all hybrids globally |
1.6. | Golf cars will have little growth. |
1.6. | IDTechEx projection for global hybrid car sales by territory 2010-2020 in units and % rounded |
1.7. | Number sold by market leader Toyota of all hybrids globally, market share and market drivers |
1.7. | Technical progress |
1.7. | Global sales of electric golf cars and motorised golf caddies in number thousands 2012 to 2022, rounded |
1.8. | Global sales of electric golf cars and motorised golf caddies ex factory unit price in thousands of dollars 2012 to 2022, rounded |
1.8. | Pure electric vehicles in Europe |
1.8. | Global sales of electric golf cars and motorised golf caddies in number thousands, ex factory unit price in thousands of dollars and total value in billions of dollars 2012 to 2022, rounded |
1.9. | IDTechEx projections for global hybrid car sales units as % of total car sales 2009-2025 |
1.9. | Global sales of electric golf cars and motorised golf caddies total value in billions of dollars 2012 to 2022, rounded |
1.10. | Cumulative number of hybrid car models and projected number of hybrid sales to 2020 |
1.10. | Approximate number of new hybrid car models planned by year 2000 to 2013 |
1.11. | Global number of on-road plug in cars - hybrid and pure electric - and number routinely plugged in away from home in thousands 2010-2020 |
1.11. | Rough count of new models of hybrid car from 2009-2013 |
1.12. | The dominant countries launching hybrid models from 2009-2013 |
1.12. | Crude oil prices 2003-2008 $/barrel |
1.13. | Global oil reserves, production and life |
1.13. | Global number of on-road plug in cars - hybrid and pure electric - and number routinely plugged in away from home in thousands 2010-2020 |
1.14. | Clockwise from top left: BYD E6 from China, Tesla, Fisker Karma and Prius |
1.15. | Oil reserve life in years by country |
1.16. | US oil production and imports |
1.17. | Distribution of electric vehicles in circulation according to model |
1.18. | Number of electric 4-wheelers in Europe |
1.19. | Number of electric 2-wheelers in Europe |
2. | INTRODUCTION |
2.1. | European Green Car Initiative approximate R&D budget 2010 to 2013 in millions of Euros |
2.1. | Geographical distribution of 80 companies making or intending to make electric cars |
2.1. | The world wakes up to global warming and oil running out |
2.2. | Danger signs |
2.2. | GE WattStation |
2.2. | Global stimulus for fuel efficient cars in 2009 |
2.3. | 80 examples of manufacturers and intending manufacturers of EV cars |
2.3. | Carbon Intensity CO2 kg/kWh and % Fossil fuel in power sector |
2.3. | Government support |
2.4. | Reluctant Australia |
2.4. | LCA greenhouse emissions of a compact car with different drive trains |
2.5. | Carbon emissions, in grams CO2 per km, of a selection of cars for sale in the UK |
2.5. | Formidable initiatives in the USA |
2.6. | Europe the laggard |
2.6.1. | Impressive efforts in Germany |
2.7. | Formidable East Asia |
2.8. | Rapid increase in number of manufacturers |
2.9. | Providing charging infrastructure |
2.9.1. | Recharging points |
2.9.2. | Battery changing points |
2.9.3. | Can the grid cope? |
2.10. | How green are electric vehicles really? |
3. | PURE ELECTRIC CARS |
3.1. | 15 examples of golf EV manufacturers |
3.1. | The arguments against |
3.1. | Trouvé pure EV car in 1881 |
3.2. | Red Bug pure EV in 1930 |
3.2. | Déjà vu |
3.3. | Examples of pure EV cars |
3.3. | Sinclair C5 |
3.3.1. | Nissan - most ambitious of all? |
3.3.2. | Here come the Chinese - BYD and Brilliance |
3.3.3. | High performance pure EVs - Tesla |
3.3.4. | Pininfarina Bolloré Bluecar |
3.3.5. | Heuliez Friendly |
3.3.6. | REVA |
3.3.7. | Coda - Hafei Saibao, China |
3.3.8. | ElBil Norge Buddy |
3.3.9. | Toyota |
3.3.10. | Detroit Electric |
3.3.11. | Tara Tiny |
3.3.12. | Aixam |
3.3.13. | Zap Alias |
3.3.14. | Mitsubishi |
3.3.15. | Golf EVs |
3.3.16. | Energy positive solar car in 2013 |
3.4. | Aptera |
3.5. | Gemcars |
3.6. | The BYD E6 pure EV car |
3.7. | Tesla Motors Roadster pure EV performance car |
3.8. | Pininfarina Bolloré Bluecar showing solar panels on roof and hood |
3.9. | Pininfarina Bolloré Bluecar cross section |
3.10. | Heuliez Friendly |
3.11. | REVA pure EV car |
3.12. | The all-electric Coda car, made in China |
3.13. | Buddy pure EV |
3.14. | Planned Toyota pure EV city car |
3.15. | Tara Tiny |
3.16. | Aixam Mega City |
3.17. | ZAP Alias pure EV three wheeler |
3.18. | Mitsubishi pure EV car |
3.19. | Tonaro from China |
3.20. | Suzhou Eagle two and four seat golf cars from China |
3.21. | Yongkang Fourstar from China |
3.22. | Shadong Wuzheng golf cars |
4. | HYBRID CARS |
4.1. | Major market drivers for growth in hybrid sales |
4.1. | Evolution of EV design for on-road and many non-road vehicles |
4.1. | Construction and advantages of hybrids |
4.2. | Evolution |
4.2. | Chevrolet Volt internal structure |
4.2. | Objectives of the Ricardo QinetiQ diesel hybrid vs the Prius gasoline hybrid |
4.3. | Toyota Prius Sales by region 1997-2008 in thousands of units |
4.3. | Chevrolet Volt drive train |
4.3. | Chevrolet Volt |
4.4. | Bright Automotive SUV |
4.4. | Chevrolet Volt battery, generator and drive unit positioning |
4.4. | Hybrid electric vehicles and associated events 1876-2011 |
4.5. | Average annual fuel consumption in US gallons by vehicle type |
4.5. | Market drivers |
4.5.1. | Leading indicators |
4.6. | History of hybrids and planned models to 2013 |
4.6. | Toyota Prius Sales by region 1997-2008 in thousands of units |
5. | KEY ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES FOR CARS |
5.1. | Planned Jaguar long range supercar with two micro turbine range extenders generating 140kW total |
5.1. | Three key enabling technologies become six |
5.2. | Many new forms of range extender |
5.2. | Examples of range extenders using a generator and ones with inherent electricity generation marked fuelgen |
5.3. | Performance of new and improved supercapacitors and their variants |
5.3. | Supercapacitors |
5.4. | Energy harvesting |
5.4. | Cars with photovoltaic harvesting. Top pure electric, bottom the hybrid Fisker Karma car. |
5.5. | Drayson electric racing car in the UK pioneers many new technologies including continuous charging and structural batteries |
5.5. | Printed electronics and electrics |
5.6. | Structural components and smart skin |
5.6. | Millenworks light hybrid vehicle ie not plug-in. |
5.7. | Innovative charging |
5.8. | Military land vehicles and in-wheel motors |
5.9. | Third generation traction batteries |
6. | HYBRID CAR MODES AND TECHNOLOGY |
6.1. | Three generations of range extender with examples of construction, manufacturer and power output |
6.1. | Series vs parallel hybrid |
6.1. | Some hybrid variants |
6.2. | Evolution of plug in vs mild hybrids |
6.2. | Modes of operation of hybrids |
6.2.1. | Plug in hybrids |
6.2.2. | Charge-depleting mode |
6.2.3. | Blended mode |
6.2.4. | Charge-sustaining mode |
6.2.5. | Mixed mode |
6.3. | Microhybrid is a misnomer |
6.3. | Trend to deep hybridisation |
6.4. | Evolution of hybrid structure |
6.4. | Deep hybridisation |
6.5. | Hybrid vehicle price premium |
6.5. | Price premium for hybrid buses |
6.6. | Three generations of lithium-ion battery with technical features that are sometimes problematical |
6.6. | Battery cost and performance are key |
6.7. | Tradeoff of energy storage technologies |
6.7. | Battery price assisting price of hybrid and pure electric vehicles as a function of power stored. |
6.8. | Probable future improvement in parameters of lithium-ion batteries for pure electric and hybrid EVs |
6.8. | Ultracapacitors=supercapacitors |
6.9. | Where supercapacitors fit in |
6.9. | Comparison of battery technologies |
6.10. | Where supercapacitors fit in |
6.10. | Advantages and disadvantages |
6.11. | Can supercapacitors replace batteries? |
6.11. | Energy density vs power density for storage devices |
6.12. | Indicative trend of charging and electrical storage for large hybrid vehicles over the next decade. |
6.12. | Supercabatteries or bacitors |
6.13. | What is a range extender? |
6.13. | Evolution of construction of range extenders over the coming decade |
6.14. | Examples of range extender technology in the shaft vs no shaft categories |
6.14. | What will be required of a range extender 2012-2022 |
6.15. | Three generations of range extender |
6.15. | Illustrations of range extender technologies over the coming decade with "gen" in red for those that have inherent ability to generate electricity |
6.15.1. | First generation range extender technology |
6.15.2. | Second generation range extender technology |
6.15.3. | Third generation range extender technology |
6.16. | The principle of the Proton Exchange Membrane fuel cells |
6.16. | Fuel cell range extenders |
6.17. | Big effect of many modest electricity sources combined |
6.17. | Trend of size of the largest (in red) and smallest (in green) fuel cell sets used in 98 bus trials worldwide over the last twenty years. |
6.18. | Evolution of traction batteries and range extenders for large hybrid electric vehicles as they achieve longer all-electric range over the next decade. |
6.18. | Energy harvesting on and in electric vehicles |
6.19. | Trend to high voltage |
6.19. | Main modes of rotational energy harvesting in vehicles |
6.20. | Main forms of photovoltaic energy harvesting on vehicles |
6.20. | Component choices for energy density/ power density |
6.21. | Trend to distributed components |
6.21. | Maximum power from the most powerful forms of energy harvesting on or in vehicles |
6.22. | Hybrid bus with range improved by a few percent using solar panels |
6.22. | Trend to flatness then smart skin |
6.23. | Possible trend in battery power storage and voltage of power distribution |
6.24. | Mitsubishi view of hybrid vehicle powertrain evolution |
6.25. | Flat lithium-ion batteries for a car and, bottom, UAVs |
6.26. | Supercapacitors that facilitate fast charging and discharging of the traction batteries are spread out on a bus roof |
7. | MARKET FORECASTS |
7.1. | Car production |
7.1. | Crude oil prices 2003-2008 $/barrel |
7.1. | Global bicycle and car production millions |
7.2. | US oil production and imports |
7.2. | Global oil reserves, production and life |
7.2. | Cars and crude oil |
7.2.2. | Technical progress |
7.3. | Hybrid cars |
7.3. | Global sales of EV cars, including hybrids, pure EVs (including golf cars), total in thousands of units and ones that can be plugged in 2010-2020 |
7.3. | Global sales of EV cars, hybrids, pure EVs and total in numbers 2010-2020 |
7.3.1. | History of hybrid car sales |
7.4. | Forecasts 2010-2020 |
7.4. | Toyota Prius Sales by region 1997-2008 in thousands of units |
7.4. | HEV battery sales by type 2000-2006 |
7.5. | Toyota Prius Sales by region 1997-2008 in thousands of units |
7.5. | Prius US sales in units 2000-2008 |
7.5. | Pure EVs |
7.5.1. | Total market |
7.5.2. | Will sales of pure electric cars overtake hybrids? |
7.5.3. | Market excluding golf cars |
7.5.4. | Golf cars |
7.5.5. | Fuel cell EVs |
7.6. | Battery trends |
7.6. | Estimates for historical global hybrid car sales in units by territory with % of whole. |
7.6. | US hybrid sales by month showing sharp drop in 2008 and early 2009 |
7.7. | Estimates for historical global hybrid car sales in units by territory with % of whole |
7.7. | Prius US sales in number and percent of US hybrid market |
7.8. | IDTechEx projection for global hybrid car sales by territory 2010-2020 in units and % |
7.8. | Prius US sales in number and percent of US hybrid market |
7.9. | Hybrid vehicle sales by manufacturer 2000-2006 |
7.9. | Number sold by market leader Toyota of all hybrids globally, market share and market drivers |
7.10. | IDTechEx projections for global hybrid car sales units as % of total car sales 2009-2025 |
7.10. | Reported hybrid vehicle sales in the USA as a percentage of total new light vehicle sales in March 2009 |
7.11. | Global hybrid vehicle market by country % 2007 |
7.11. | Approximate number of hybrid models actual and planned by year 2000 to 2013 |
7.12. | Global sales of electric golf cars and motorised golf caddies in number thousands, ex factory unit price in thousands of dollars and total value in billions of dollars 2012 to 2022, rounded |
7.12. | Hybrid vehicle purchases by state in the USA in units 2007 |
7.13. | US hybrid vehicle sales by manufacturer percentage 2007 |
7.13. | Fuel cell EVs compared with battery pure EVs and ICE hybrids |
7.14. | Hybrid vehicle sales by model |
7.15. | 2006 forecast of total car sales by region 2006/2011 and 2016 in millions of units |
7.16. | IDTechEx projection for global hybrid car sales by territory 2010-2020 in units and %. |
7.17. | Number sold by market leader Toyota of all hybrids globally and market drivers |
7.18. | IDTechEx projections for global hybrid car sales units as % of total car sales |
7.19. | Total sales and hybrids |
7.20. | Global sales of electric golf cars and motorised golf caddies in number thousands 2012 to 2022, rounded |
7.21. | Global sales of electric golf cars and motorised golf caddies ex factory unit price in thousands of dollars 2012 to 2022, rounded |
7.22. | Global sales of electric golf cars and motorised golf caddies total value in billions of dollars 2012 to 2022, rounded |
7.23. | Rechargeable battery sales by type 1972-2010 |
8. | GAS STATIONS BY COUNTRY |
8.1. | What level of recharging infrastructure is needed? |
8.1. | Number of gas stations ("service stations") by region in 2010 |
APPENDIX 1: IDTECHEX PUBLICATIONS AND CONSULTANCY | |
TABLES | |
FIGURES |
Pages | 168 |
---|---|
Tables | 36 |
Figures | 104 |
Forecasts to | 2022 |