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1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS |
1.1. | Purpose of this report |
1.2. | Basics |
1.2.1. | Definitions and history |
1.2.2. | Benchmarking |
1.3. | Primary conclusions |
1.3.1. | Importance of solar vehicles |
1.3.2. | Primary conclusions |
1.3.3. | Tipping points for sales of solar trucks, buses and trains |
1.3.4. | Corporate and geographical positioning |
1.3.5. | Chemistry generally including protection |
1.3.6. | Format |
1.3.7. | Leading solar cars compared: Sono, Lightyear, Toyota |
1.3.8. | Solar two-seater city cars Squad, Zoop |
1.3.9. | Aptera solar car |
1.3.10. | Patent analysis: solar car |
1.3.11. | Solar buses and trucks |
1.3.12. | Trains |
1.3.13. | Solar aircraft |
1.3.14. | New directions |
1.3.15. | Patent analysis: solar vehicle |
1.4. | Market forecasts |
1.4.1. | Solar energy-independent cars 2021-2041 |
1.4.2. | Solar energy-independent cars 2021-2041 - number of vehicles (thousand) |
1.4.3. | Solar energy-independent cars 2021-2041 - unit value (US$ thousand) - ex factory |
1.4.4. | Solar energy-independent cars 2021-2041 - market value (US$ billion) |
1.4.5. | Major solar opportunity on 20 million 48V hybrid cars yearly |
1.4.6. | Global photovoltaic technology share $bn % 2041 |
1.4.7. | Technology timeline for solar cars |
2. | INTRODUCTION |
2.1. | Extreme solar vehicles and next advances |
2.1.1. | Antarctic to stratosphere |
2.1.2. | Solar spacecraft beam power to Earth? |
2.1.3. | Pick up trucks: Tesla solar Cybertruck and alternatives |
2.1.4. | Renovagen: unrolling like a carpet |
2.1.5. | Double roll solar on a truck? |
2.1.6. | Solar reduces PHEV truck fuel consumption 5-20% |
2.2. | How an Electric Vehicle EV works |
2.3. | Photovoltaic technology choice vehicles |
2.3.1. | Definition, background |
2.3.2. | Choice of chemistry |
2.3.3. | III-V materials |
2.3.4. | Move to multijunction: OxfordPV, Swift Solar |
2.3.5. | Affordable thin film more efficient than rigid silicon 2031-2041? |
2.3.6. | Choice of format |
2.4. | Solar racers show the future - triple junction III-V, solar on sides |
2.5. | Solar aircraft and boats show the future |
2.6. | The big picture: Energy Independent Electric Vehicles |
2.6.1. | Definition and derivation |
2.6.2. | Types of Energy Independent Electric Vehicle EIEV |
2.6.3. | EIEV operational choices |
2.6.4. | Key EIEV technologies |
2.6.5. | Examples of EIEV technologies on land past, present and concept |
2.6.6. | Technologies of marine EIEVs past, present and concept |
2.6.7. | Technologies of airborne EIEVs past, present and concept |
2.6.8. | Characteristics of the High Power Energy Harvesting essential to EIEVs |
3. | SOLAR CARS, VANS, RICKSHAWS, TRIKES |
3.1. | Multipurpose |
3.1.1. | AEV Australia |
3.2. | Cars |
3.2.1. | Economia Pakistan |
3.2.2. | Fisker USA |
3.2.3. | Fraunhofer ISE Germany |
3.2.4. | Hyundai-Kia Korea |
3.2.5. | Karma USA |
3.2.6. | Lightyear Netherlands |
3.2.7. | Manipal IT India |
3.2.8. | Sono Motors Germany |
3.2.9. | Toyota Japan |
3.3. | Car-like vehicles |
3.3.1. | Amthi China |
3.3.2. | Cambridge University UK |
3.3.3. | Dalian Sengu China |
3.3.4. | Deeraj China |
3.3.5. | Evovelo Spain |
3.3.6. | Ibaze Rwanda |
3.3.7. | I-FEVS Italy |
3.3.8. | Midsummer Sweden |
3.3.9. | Neeraj and other solar rickshaws India |
3.3.10. | Sunnyclist Greece |
3.3.11. | Sky Ace Tiga Japan |
3.3.12. | Stella Lux, Stella Era, Stella Vie Netherlands |
3.3.13. | Vikram Solar and IESA India |
3.4. | Cargo Trikes |
3.4.1. | Cargo Trike UK |
3.4.2. | Royal Mail UK |
3.5. | Golf carts |
3.6. | All-over solar van |
4. | SOLAR BUSES, TRUCKS |
4.1. | Buses |
4.1.1. | Akita prefecture Japan |
4.1.2. | BYD and others China |
4.1.3. | Green Energy Norway |
4.1.4. | K-Bus Austria |
4.1.5. | Kiira Motors Uganda |
4.1.6. | Nanowinn Technologies China |
4.1.7. | North Korea Research Department |
4.1.8. | Solarve Japan |
4.1.9. | TAM Slovenia |
4.2. | Trucks |
4.2.1. | E-FORCE Switzerland |
4.2.2. | Group Robert Canada |
4.2.3. | Fraunhofer ISE Germany |
4.2.4. | Greentrucks on the go USA |
4.2.5. | Mesilla Valley Transportation and K&J Trucking USA |
4.2.6. | Sunew Brazil |
4.2.7. | University of Southampton UK |
4.2.8. | Volvo Sweden |
4.3. | Recreational vehicles |
4.3.1. | Detleffs USA |
5. | SOLAR ASSISTANCE FOR TRAINS |
5.1. | Overview |
5.2. | Indian Railways |
5.3. | Byron Bay USA |
5.4. | Solar Bullet USA |
6. | SOLAR AGRIBOTS |
6.1. | University of Sydney Australia |
6.2. | Amity University Haryana, India |
6.3. | Vinerobot Europe |
7. | SOLAR BOATS |
7.1. | Structural photovoltaics: Solar boats pSi or scSi |
7.2. | Energy Observer France |
7.3. | Greenline Yachts Slovenia |
7.4. | Lazzarini Design Italy |
7.5. | Soel Yachts Netherlands |
7.6. | Sunreef Poland |
8. | SOLAR AIRCRAFT |
8.1. | Upper atmosphere solar drones |
8.1.1. | Fixed wing |
8.1.2. | Airbus Zephyr |
8.1.3. | AVIC China Caihong (Rainbow) CH-T4 and Morning Star |
8.1.4. | CASIC Solar |
8.1.5. | BAE Systems, UK and Australia Defence PHASA-35 |
8.1.6. | Boeing Aurora Odysseus |
8.1.7. | NASA swift solar drone |
8.1.8. | Inflated HAPS |
8.1.9. | Thales‐Alenia's Stratobus airship |
8.1.10. | Why Loon died in 2021 |
8.1.11. | NASA solar helicopter on Mars |
8.2. | Low level solar drones |
8.3. | Solar manned aircraft |
8.3.1. | Overview |
8.3.2. | Solar Impulse |
8.3.3. | Bye Aerospace manned aircraft |
9. | PHOTOVOLTAICS: THE BIG PICTURE |
9.1. | Purpose of this chapter |
9.2. | Anatomy of the photovoltaic business 2021-2041 |
9.3. | Price-volume sensitivity by application |
9.4. | Two worlds |
9.5. | Top ten PV manufacturers by chemistry |
9.6. | Si and CdTe cost progression 1976-2040 |
9.7. | Silicon PV costs race downward 2021-2050 |
9.8. | Primary conclusions: thin film PV market |
9.9. | Cadmium telluride |
9.10. | CIGS PV |
9.10.1. | Global output of thin film CIGS photovoltaics $M and MWp 2000-2018 |
9.10.2. | CIGS cost reduction |
9.10.3. | Global market for thin film CIGS photovoltaics GWp and $ billion 2020-2040 |
9.11. | Global market for III-V compound semiconductor PV $ billion and GWp 2020-2040 |
9.12. | Global market for perovskite PV $M |
9.13. | Organic photovoltaics OPV |
9.13.1. | Global market for OPV $M 2020-2040 |
9.13.2. | OPV relative to other photovoltaic technologies |
9.13.3. | Technical background |
9.13.4. | Types of OPV materials |
9.13.5. | OPV for semi-transparent and hybrid cells |
9.13.6. | SWOT analysis: OPV materials |
9.14. | Geographic PV materials demand |
10. | APPENDIX: PHOTOVOLTAICS EXPERIENCE CURVES AND WHY CIGS PRICES WILL START TO IMPROVE AT A NORMAL, STEEPER RATE |
Slides | 274 |
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Forecasts to | 2041 |
ISBN | 9781913899325 |