Solid-State and Polymer Batteries 2025-2035: Technology, Forecasts, Players

Revolutionary approach for the battery business and potential EV game-raisers

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The solid-state battery (SSB) industry is transforming, driven by advanced technologies and rising demand across applications. Offering breakthroughs in safety and energy density, SSBs could reach a US$9 billion market by 2035. The IDTechEx report for 2025-2035 provides a comprehensive analysis of this dynamic industry, exploring the interplay between cutting-edge technologies, market trends, manufacturing challenges, and the global ecosystem surrounding solid-state batteries.
 
Solid-State Batteries: A Technological Leap
SSBs replace liquid electrolytes with solid materials, enhancing safety by reducing thermal runaway risks and increasing energy density through lithium metal or silicon anodes. This shift enables lighter, more compact designs. SSB development focuses on three electrolyte types: sulfides offer high ionic conductivity but face toxicity and manufacturing challenges; polymers are scalable but require higher temperatures and have stability issues; and oxides provide excellent stability for lithium metal anodes but suffer from high interface resistance and costs. Each technology involves trade-offs in performance, cost, and scalability, with the report detailing their strengths and limitations.
 
Solid-state battery manufacturing, Solid-state battery market, Solid-state battery research and development, solid-state battery technology
 
Comparison of solid-state batteries. Source: IDTechEx
 
Market Dynamics: Pushing Boundaries
The rapid growth of EVs has been a key driver of battery innovation. While lithium-ion batteries have dominated the market since their commercialization in 1991, their limitations—such as flammability risks, resource constraints, and environmental concerns—have spurred interest in alternatives like solid-state batteries.
Key Drivers of Solid-State Battery Adoption:
1. Technological Push: Advances in materials science and cell design have made solid-state batteries increasingly viable. Their improving performances and value propositions make them appealing as one of the next-generation battery technologies.
2. Application Demand: The electrification of transportation and the need for sustainable energy storage solutions requires safer, higher-energy-density batteries which can be operated in harsher environment.
3. Supply Chain Evolution: The shift toward localized manufacturing in regions like Europe and North America is reshaping global battery production dynamics.
 
While solid-state batteries are often viewed as a potential replacement for lithium-ion technology, debates persist about their readiness for commercialization. Some see them as overhyped due to their current high costs and manufacturing challenges. Others believe they hold the key to overcoming critical limitations in existing battery technologies.
 
Global Ecosystem and Regional Trends
The development of solid-state batteries is a collaborative global effort involving research institutes, material suppliers, battery manufacturers, automotive OEMs, and investors, with regional dynamics significantly shaping the industry. East Asia, led by Japan, South Korea, and China, continues to dominate in battery innovation and production capacity, while North America and Europe are heavily investing in localized manufacturing to reduce dependence on East Asia. Meanwhile, emerging markets are contributing innovative approaches to materials and systems, further reshuffling the supply chain. This shift highlights the need for adaptable manufacturing processes that can integrate new materials and components while maintaining cost efficiency, reflecting broader trends driving the industry's evolution.
 
Challenges & Opportunities
SSBs represent a transformative advancement in energy storage, offering improved safety, higher energy density, and simplified designs compared to traditional lithium-ion batteries. By replacing flammable liquid electrolytes with solid materials, SSBs significantly reduce fire risks and enable safer operation at higher temperatures. Their use of lithium-metal anodes allows for greater energy density, enabling longer EV ranges and more compact designs. SSBs also promise faster charging and longer lifespans, making them ideal for EVs and renewable energy storage systems.
However, widespread commercialization faces significant hurdles. Manufacturing processes are complex and not yet scalable, leading to high costs. Precision engineering is required to develop high-quality, easily manufactured components and ensure seamless integration. Safety challenges, such as lithium dendrite formation, can cause short circuits, while performance limitations at low temperatures and reduced cycle life under fast charging require further improvement. Additionally, recycling and end-of-life management remain unresolved due to the unique materials used.
Despite these challenges, ongoing progress in pilot production lines and gigafactories, alongside research to reduce costs and enhance performance, positions SSBs as a key technology for sustainable energy storage and transportation.
 
Recent Focus Areas
The transition from laboratory-scale development to commercial-scale production in battery technology has shifted the focus from individual cell development to system-level integration. This includes optimizing not just the performance of individual cells but also ensuring their seamless incorporation into battery packs and systems. System-level considerations, such as the design and functionality of Battery Management Systems (BMS), structure design to ensure mechanical optimization, are now critical to enhancing overall safety, efficiency, and reliability. By prioritizing system-level optimization, manufacturers aim to deliver solutions that meet the complex demands of large-scale applications like electric vehicles and grid storage.
Another key focus area is addressing the challenges of cost reduction and scalability as production expands. Efforts are being made to streamline manufacturing processes and develop scalable designs that maintain performance while reducing costs.
Additionally, factors such as cell pressure management, which directly impacts battery longevity and safety, are receiving increased attention. These advancements reflect the industry's commitment to overcoming technical and economic barriers while enabling the widespread adoption of advanced battery technologies.
 
Comprehensive Insights from IDTechEx
The IDTechEx report provides an in-depth analysis of the solid-state battery market from 2025 to 2035. Key features include:
  • A detailed overview of technological innovations across sulfide, polymer, oxide systems, and beyond.
  • Market forecasts covering 10 application areas across three major technology categories.
  • Insights into supply chain dynamics as new materials and manufacturing methods reshape the industry.
  • Detailed insights into manufacturing procedures, highlighting how various companies address existing limitations through innovative approaches and research advancements.
  • Highlights the progresses, activities, regulations and polices of major regions in the world, emphasizing their contributions to innovation and industry advancement.
By addressing both the "hype" surrounding solid-state batteries and the practical challenges they face, this report offers a balanced perspective on their potential impact.
Report MetricsDetails
CAGRThe global market for solid-state batteries will reach US$9.09 billion by 2035. This represents a CAGR of 57.4% compared with 2023.
Forecast Period2025 - 2035
Forecast UnitsGWh, USD Million
Regions CoveredWorldwide
Segments CoveredPlug-in electric vehicles, Light-, medium-, heavy-duty trucks, Bus, Electric drone UAV, Other vehicles, Smartphones, Laptops, Tablets, Other electronics, Stationary energy storage system Solid polymer, Oxide system, Sulphide system
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1.EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1.1.Classifications of solid-state electrolytes
1.2.Liquid vs. solid-state batteries
1.3.Thin film vs. bulk solid-state batteries
1.4.SSB company commercial plans
1.5.Solid state battery collaborations /investment by automotive OEMs
1.6.Technological status and future trends
1.7.Supply chain status and future trends
1.8.Market / business status and future trends
1.9.Manufacturing / product status and future trends
1.10.Resources considerations
1.11.Negative opinions on solid-state batteries
1.12.Analysis of different features of SSBs
1.13.Solid-state battery development stage
1.14.Key challenges and uncertainties in solid-state battery development
1.15.Solid-state battery cell improvement strategies
1.16.Location overview of major solid-state battery companies
1.17.Summary of solid-state electrolyte technology
1.18.Comparison of solid-state electrolyte systems 1
1.19.Comparison of solid-state electrolyte systems 2
1.20.Current electrolyte challenges and possible solution
1.21.Technology summary of various companies
1.22.Solid-state battery value chain
1.23.Application analysis
1.24.Market forecast methodology
1.25.Assumptions and analysis of market forecast of SSB
1.26.Price forecast of solid-state battery for various applications
1.27.Solid-state battery addressable market size
1.28.Solid-state battery forecast 2025-2035 by application (GWh)
1.29.Solid-state battery forecast 2025-2035 by application (market value)
1.30.Solid-state battery forecast 2025-2035 by technology (GWh)
1.31.Solid-state battery forecast 2025-2035 by technology (GWh)
1.32.Market size segmentation in 2024 and 2030
1.33.Solid-state battery forecast 2023-2035 for car plug in
2.INTRODUCTION TO SOLID-STATE BATTERIES
2.1.What is a Solid-State Battery
2.1.1.A solid future?
2.1.2.History of solid-state batteries
2.1.3.Milestone of solid-state battery development
2.1.4.Requirements for solid-state electrolyte with multifunctions
2.2.Solid-State Cell Composition
2.2.1.Popular solid-state battery cell choices
2.3.Lithium metal anodes
2.3.1.Where is lithium?
2.3.2.How to produce lithium
2.3.3.Lithium hydroxide vs. lithium carbonate
2.3.4.High cost of lithium metal production
2.3.5.Challenge of electrochemical irreversibility
2.3.6.Conventional lithium metal production via electrolysis
2.3.7.Lithium-metal battery approaches
2.3.8.Failure story about metallic lithium anode
2.3.9.Lithium metal challenge
2.3.10.Dendrite formation: Current density
2.3.11.Dendrite formation: Pressure and temperature
2.3.12.Cycling preference for anode-free lithium metal cells
2.3.13.Solid-state battery with lithium metal anode
2.3.14.Lithium in solid-state batteries
2.3.15.Lithium metal foils
2.4.Silicon anode
2.4.1.Introduction to silicon anode
2.4.2.Value proposition of silicon anodes
2.4.3.Comparison between graphite and silicon
2.4.4.Solutions for silicon incorporation
2.4.5.Silicon anode for solid-state electrolyte
2.4.6.Importance of initial high-pressure conditioning for enhanced cyclability
3.SOLID-STATE ELECTROLYTE
3.1.Solid-state electrolyte landscape
3.1.1.Solid-state electrolytes
3.2.Solid Polymer Electrolyte
3.2.1.LiPo batteries, polymer-based batteries, polymeric batteries
3.2.2.Types of polymer electrolytes
3.2.3.Electrolytic polymer options
3.2.4.Advantages and issues of polymer electrolytes
3.2.5.PEO for solid polymer electrolyte
3.2.6.Companies working on polymer solid state batteries
3.3.Solid Oxide Inorganic Electrolytes
3.3.1.Oxide electrolyte
3.3.2.Garnet
3.3.3.Estimated cost projection for LLZO-based SSB
3.3.4.Typical thickness ranges of oxide solid-state electrolytes
3.3.5.NASICON-type
3.3.6.Perovskite
3.3.7.LiPON
3.3.8.LiPON: construction
3.3.9.Players that have worked and are working on LIPON-based batteries
3.3.10.Cathode material options for LiPON-based batteries
3.3.11.Anodes for LiPON-based batteries
3.3.12.Substrate options for LiPON-based batteries
3.3.13.Trend of materials and processes of thin-film battery in different companies
3.3.14.LiPON: capacity increase
3.3.15.Comparison of inorganic oxide solid-state electrolyte
3.3.16.Thermal stability of oxide electrolyte with lithium metal
3.3.17.Companies working on oxide solid state batteries
3.4.Solid Sulfide Inorganic Electrolytes
3.4.1.LISICON-type 1
3.4.2.LISICON-type 2
3.4.3.Argyrodite
3.4.4.Sulfide electrolyte cost structure
3.4.5.Companies working on sulphide solid state batteries
3.5.Other Electrolytes
3.5.1.Li-hydrides
3.5.2.Li-halides
3.6.Composite Electrolytes
3.6.1.The best of both worlds?
3.6.2.Approaches to an ideal composite solid-state electrolyte
3.6.3.Common hybrid electrolyte concept
3.7.Electrolyte analysis and comparison
3.7.1.Technology evaluation
3.7.2.Technology evaluation (continued)
3.7.3.Types of solid inorganic electrolytes for Li-ion
3.7.4.Advantages and issues with inorganic electrolytes 1
3.7.5.Advantages and issues with inorganic electrolytes 2
3.7.6.Advantages and issues with inorganic electrolytes 3
4.SOLID-STATE BATTERY FEATURES
4.1.Introduction
4.1.1.Value propositions of solid-state batteries
4.2.Safety
4.2.1.Safety consideration
4.2.2.Safety of liquid-electrolyte lithium-ion batteries
4.2.3.Modern horror films are finding their scares in dead phone batteries
4.2.4.Samsung's Firegate
4.2.5.LIB cell temperature and likely outcome
4.2.6.Safety aspects of Li-ion batteries
4.2.7.Are solid-state battery safer?
4.2.8.Conclusions of SSB safety
4.3.Energy Density
4.3.1.How do SSBs help with energy density
4.3.2.Energy density improvement
4.3.3.Solid state battery does not always lead to higher energy density
4.3.4.Specific energy comparison of different electrolytes
4.3.5.Alternative anode is required for high energy density
4.3.6.Conclusions of solid-state battery energy density
4.4.Fast Charging
4.4.1.Fast charging at each stage
4.4.2.Difficulties of fast charging in conventional Li-ion batteries
4.4.3.The importance of battery feature for fast charging
4.4.4.Fast charging for solid-state batteries
5.INTERESTS AND ACTIVITIES ON SOLID-STATE BATTERIES
5.1.Energy storage evolvement
5.2.Activities in the US
5.2.1.Policies and regulations
5.2.2.Activities and initiatives in the U.S.
5.2.3.USABC
5.2.4.IRA benefits on solid-state batteries
5.3.Activities in South Korea
5.3.1.Key activities and policies in South Korea
5.3.2.Battery vendors' efforts - Samsung SDI
5.3.3.Samsung's commercial efforts
5.3.4.LG's contributions
5.4.Activities in Japan
5.4.1.Key activities and developments in Japan
5.5.Activities in China
5.5.1.Policy support
5.5.2.Interests in China
5.5.3.25 Chinese corporate progresses
5.5.4.11 Chinese car player activities on solid-state batteries
5.6.Activities in Other Regions
5.6.1.Regional efforts: UK
5.6.2.Regional efforts: Germany
5.6.3.Regional efforts: France
5.6.4.Regional efforts: Australia
5.7.Activities on Automotive OEMs
5.7.1.Automakers' efforts - BMW
5.7.2.BMW's solid-state battery research
5.7.3.BMW's scaling competences from lab to prototype
5.7.4.Mercedes-Benz's inhouse cell development
5.7.5.Automakers' efforts - Volkswagen
5.7.6.Volkswagen's investment in electric vehicle batteries
5.7.7.Automakers' efforts - Hyundai
5.7.8.Hyundai's solid-state battery technology features
5.7.9.Enovate Motors
5.7.10.Other automotive OEMs
6.SOLID-STATE BATTERY RECENT FOCUSES
6.1.Typical hypes of solid-state batteries
6.2.Solid-state battery requirement
6.3.Solid-state battery development focuses in 2025
6.4.Temperature performance in solid-state batteries
6.5.Pressure effects on solid-state batteries
6.6.Pressure can lower energy density
6.7.AI integration in solid-state battery development
6.8.Preventing dendrite growth in solid-state batteries
6.9.Dendrites prevention
7.FROM CELLS DESIGN TO SYSTEM DESIGN FOR SOLID-STATE BATTERIES
7.1.Solid-State Battery Cell Design
7.1.1.Commercial battery form factors 1
7.1.2.Commercial battery form factors 2
7.1.3.Battery configurations 1
7.1.4.Battery configurations 2
7.1.5.Cell stacking options
7.1.6.Bipolar cells
7.1.7.ProLogium's bipolar design
7.1.8."Anode-free" batteries
7.1.9.Challenges of anode free batteries
7.1.10.Close stacking
7.1.11.Flexibility and customisation provided by solid-state batteries
7.1.12.Cell size trend
7.1.13.Cell design ideas
7.2.From Cell to Pack
7.2.1.Pack parameters mean more than cells
7.2.2.The importance of a pack system
7.2.3.Influence of the CTP design
7.2.4.BYD's blade battery: overview
7.2.5.BYD's blade battery: structure and composition
7.2.6.BYD's blade battery: design
7.2.7.BYD's blade battery: pack layout
7.2.8.BYD's blade battery: energy density improvement
7.2.9.BYD's blade battery: thermal safety
7.2.10.BYD's blade battery: structural safety
7.2.11.Cost and performance
7.2.12.BYD's blade battery: what CTP indicates
7.2.13.CATL's CTP design
7.2.14.CATL's CTP battery evolution
7.2.15.CATL's Qilin Battery
7.2.16.From cell to pack for conventional Li-ions
7.2.17.Solid-state batteries: From cell to pack
7.2.18.Bipolar-enabled CTP
7.2.19.Conventional design vs. bipolar cell design
7.2.20.EV battery pack assembly
7.2.21.ProLogium: "MAB" EV battery pack assembly
7.2.22.MAB idea to increase assembly utilization
7.2.23.Solid-state battery: Competing at pack level
7.2.24.Business models between battery-auto companies
7.3.Battery Management System for Solid-State Batteries
7.3.1.The importance of a battery management system
7.3.2.Functions of a BMS
7.3.3.BMS subsystems
7.3.4.Cell control
7.3.5.Cooling technology comparison
7.3.6.BMS designs with different geometries
7.3.7.Qilin Battery's thermal management system
7.3.8.Thermal conductivity of the cells
7.3.9.Cell connection
7.3.10.Implications of pressure on pack level
7.3.11.Impact of high pressure on energy density in battery packs
7.3.12.BMS design considerations for SSBs
8.SOLID-STATE BATTERY MANUFACTURING
8.1.Timeline for mass production
8.2.Technology readiness level scale
8.3.Conventional Li-ion battery cell production process
8.4.Manufacturing cost for sulfide-based cells
8.5.Manufacturing cost for oxide-based cells
8.6.The incumbent process: lamination
8.7.Conventional Li-ion battery manufacturing conditions
8.8.General manufacturing differences between conventional Li-ion and SSBs
8.9.Process chains for solid electrolyte fabrication
8.10.Process chains for anode fabrication
8.11.Process chains for cathode fabrication
8.12.Process chains for cell assembly
8.13.Exemplary manufacturing processes
8.14.Possible processing routes of solid-state battery components fabrication
8.15.Is mass production coming?
8.16.Pouch cells
8.17.Techniques to fabricate aluminium laminated sheets
8.18.Packaging procedures for pouch cells 1
8.19.Packaging procedures for pouch cells 2
8.20.Oxide electrolyte thickness and processing temperatures
8.21.Solid battery fabrication process
8.22.Manufacturing equipment for solid-state batteries
8.23.Industrial-scale fabrication of Li metal polymer batteries
8.24.Are thin film electrolytes viable?
8.25.Summary of main fabrication technique for thin film batteries
8.26.Wet-chemical & vacuum-based deposition methods for Li-oxide thin films
8.27.Current processing methods and challenges for mass manufacturing of Li-oxide thin-film materials
8.28.PVD processes for thin-film batteries 1
8.29.PVD processes for thin-film batteries 2
8.30.PVD processes for thin-film batteries 3
8.31.Ilika's PVD approach
8.32.Avenues for manufacturing
8.33.Toyota's approach 1
8.34.Toyota's approach 2
8.35.Hitachi Zosen's approach
8.36.Sakti3's PVD approach
8.37.Planar Energy's approach
8.38.Typical manufacturing method of the all-solid-state battery (SMD type)
8.39.ProLogium's LCB manufacturing processes
8.40.ProLogium's manufacturing processes
8.41.Solid Power: Fabrication of cathode and electrolyte
8.42.Solid Power cell production
8.43.Pilot production facility of Solid Power
8.44.Qingtao's manufacturing processes
8.45.Yichun 1GWh facility equipment and capacity
8.46.Introduction to dry electrode manufacturing
8.47.Comparison of dry vs. conventional manufacturing
8.48.Dry battery electrode fabrication
8.49.Dry electrode binders
8.50.Comparison between wet slurry and dry electrode processes
9.RECYCLING
9.1.Global policy summary on Li-ion battery recycling
9.2.Battery geometry for recycling
9.3.Lack of pack standardisation
9.4.LIB recycling approaches overview
9.5.Recycling categories
9.6.Recycling of SSBs
9.7.Recycling plan of ProLogium 1
9.8.Recycling plan of ProLogium 2
9.9.Innovative lithium-metal recycling by Blue Solutions
9.10.Recycling proposed by Blue Solutions
9.11.Lithium metal recycling
10.STANDARDS/POLICIES/ REGULATIONS FOR AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS
10.1.Standardisation and legislative framework
10.2.Global Standardization and Regulation
10.3.International Organizations
10.4.Relevant National Organizations
10.5.UN 38.3
10.6.IEC - 61960
10.7.IEC 61960 - 3 & 4
10.8.SAE J2464
10.9.UL 1642
10.10.UL 1642 - Further information: Scope of the Test
10.11.EUCAR and the Hazard Level
10.12.Common safety verification
 

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Solid-state batteries enable a US$9 billion market opportunity by 2035

Report Statistics

Slides 360
Companies 46
Forecasts to 2035
Published Feb 2025
 

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